Industrial Revolution to the Cold War Practice Flashcards

A set of practice flashcards covering history from the Agricultural Revolution through the Industrial Revolution, World Wars, and the Cold War based on lecture notes.

How did the Agricultural Revolution contribute to the Industrial Revolution and urbanization?

Increased food supply led to population growth and fewer people were needed for farming, which pushed more workers to cities for factory jobs.

What specific farming innovations were part of the Agricultural Revolution?

Methods included four-field crop rotation, better animal breeds, use of manure as fertilizer, and new machinery on farms.

Before the use of steam, what were the primary ways machines were powered?

Machines were powered by wind, water, and muscle.

Which industry was the first to industrialize, and which industry served as the 'lynchpin'?

Textiles was the first industry to industrialize, and steel served as the lynchpin.

What were some of the living and working difficulties faced by workers early in the Industrial Revolution?

Workers faced crowded housing with bad sanitation, dangerous machinery, long hours, and poor air quality.

Identify the key thinker and book associated with capitalism.

Adam Smith, who wrote 'The Wealth of Nations'.

What is the definition of laissez-faire capitalism?

The idea that government involvement in the economy is bad and that market forces should regulate prices.

Identify the key thinker and books associated with communism.

Karl Marx, who wrote 'Das Kapital' and 'The Communist Manifesto'.

Which resources gave Britain an advantage in industrializing first?

Coal and iron, fast rivers, access to trade, and an entrepreneurial outlook.

What were the early uses of steam engines?

They were used to pump water from coal mines and to power transportation such as ships and trains.

Which four things must people have in common to be considered an ethnic group or 'nation'?

Language, culture, history, and religion.

What four factors led to imperialism?

Pride (nationalism), racism, wealth, and religion.

How did hemophilia create problems for Czar Nicholas II?

It was a secret that led to the corrupt influence of Rasputin, causing Russians to distrust the Czar.

Who led the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution?

Lenin.

Describe the rule of Joseph Stalin in the U.S.S.R.

Stalin ruled brutally, resulting in millions of deaths through policies like collective farms and purges of rivals.

What were the three long-term causes of European powers entering World War I?

Imperialism, nationalism, and militarism.

What was the Schlieffen Plan?

Germany’s war plan to attack France first and then deal with Russia.

How did the Western Front and Eastern Front differ in World War I?

The Western Front was characterized by trenches, while the Eastern Front was not.

What were the five ways the Treaty of Versailles punished Germany?

Germany lost land in two ways, was forced to accept guilt, pay reparations, and maintain a small army/military.

How did Hitler use anti-Semitism to rise to power?

Hitler blamed Germany’s loss of World War I and economic problems on Jews and Communists.

In 1937, what event brought an uneasy truce between Chinese Nationalists and Communists?

The invasion of China by Japan, particularly the brutal treatment of Nanking.

What event is seen as the start of World War II, and when did it occur?

The invasion of Poland in September 1939.

What was the 'Final Solution' and where was it agreed upon?

The 'Final Solution' was the Nazi plan for the Holocaust, agreed upon at the Wannsee Conference.

Define 'blitzkrieg'.

Warfare using surprise air attacks followed by massive land attacks using planes and tanks.

Which agreement in 1938 allowed Hitler to take part of Czechoslovakia?

The Munich Conference.

What does 'M.A.D.' stand for and what was its effect?

Mutual Assured Destruction; it meant nuclear war would destroy both sides, making nuclear conflict pointless.

What were the key dates for the end of the Cold War?

1989 (Berlin Wall fell) and 1991 (end of the U.S.S.R.).

What did Britain promise to Zionists and Palestinians during World War I?

Britain promised Zionists support for a Jewish state and promised Palestinians self-rule as part of an Arab state.

What were the Camp David Accords of 1978?

An agreement where Egypt recognized Israel as a nation and Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

What happened to Yitzhak Rabin and Anwar Sadat after signing peace treaties?

Both were assassinated by hardline extremists opposed to the peace process.