ap lab practical 1

Anterior

Located towards the front or front surface of the body.

Medial

Located towards the midline of the body.

Inferior

Located below or towards the lower part of the body.

Distal

Located away from the point of reference or further from the body.

Ipsilateral

Located on the same side of the body.

Superficial

Located near or on the surface of the body.

Frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

Oblique plane

Divides the body at an angle.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into upper and lower portions.

Parasagittal plane

Divides the body into unequal left and right portions.

Midsagittal plane

Divides the body into equal left and right portions.

Longitudinal section

A cut made along the length of an organ.

Cross section

A cut made perpendicular to the length of an organ.

Proximal

Located closer to the point of reference or closer to the body.

Lateral

Located away from the midline of the body.

Contralateral

Located on the opposite side of the body.

Popliteal artery

Artery located behind the knee.

Femoral artery

Artery located in the thigh.

Pectoralis major muscle

Muscle located in the chest.

Subscapularis muscle

Muscle located in the shoulder blade area.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Muscle located in the neck.

Rectus abdominis muscle

Muscle located in the abdomen.

Thoracic vertebrae

Vertebrae located in the chest area.

Scapulae

Shoulder blades.

Frontal section

A section that divides the body into front and back portions.

Sagittal section

A section that divides the body into left and right portions.

Transverse (axial) section

A section that divides the body into upper and lower portions.

Integumentary system

The system that includes the skin, hair, and nails.

Skeletal system

The system that includes the bones of the body.

Muscular system

The system that includes the muscles of the body.

Cardiovascular system

The system that includes the heart and blood vessels.

Lymphatic system

The system that includes the lymph nodes and vessels.

Nervous system

The system that includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Endocrine system

The system that includes the glands that produce hormones.

Respiratory system

The system that includes the lungs and airways.

Digestive system

The system that includes the organs involved in digestion.

Urinary system

The system that includes the kidneys and bladder.

Reproductive system

The system that includes the organs involved in reproduction.

Parietal

Relating to the outer wall of a body cavity.

Visceral

Relating to the organs within a body cavity.

RLQ

Right lower quadrant of the abdomen.

RUQ

Right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

LUQ

Left upper quadrant of the abdomen.

LLQ

Left lower quadrant of the abdomen.

Cranial cavity

The cavity that houses the brain.

Vertebral canal

The canal that houses the spinal cord.

Thoracic cavity

The cavity that houses the heart and lungs.

Diaphragm

A muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Abdominal cavity

The cavity that houses the organs of digestion.

Pelvic cavity

The cavity that houses the reproductive organs and bladder.

Left hypochondrium region

The region in the upper left abdomen.

Right iliac region

The region in the lower right abdomen.

Left lumbar region

The region in the upper left abdomen.

Right inguinal or iliac region

The region in the lower right abdomen (in females).

Hypogastric or pubic region

The region in the lower middle abdomen (in females).

Parietal pericardium

The outer layer of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.

Visceral pleura

The inner layer of the pleura that surrounds the lungs.

Visceral peritoneum

The inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs.

Serous fluid

A fluid that lubricates the organs within body cavities.1. Plasma Membrane:Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

Microvilli

Folds of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell to increase absorption or secretion

Nucleus

Contains DNA molecules and nucleolus

Nucleolus

Assembly site for ribosomes

Chromatin

Long thin strands within nucleus. Each strand composed of one DNA molecule and associated proteins.

Cytoplasm

Area of the cell between plasma membrane and nucleus. Includes cytosol and organelles

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm in which many of the cells' chemical reactions occur

Organelles

Mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), Golgi complex, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, centrosomes (centrioles), cilia, flagella

Mitochondria

Makes ATP via aerobic cellular respiration

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis in cytosol and RER

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Synthesize proteins and phospholipids used in the plasma membrane and organelles or secreted via exocytosis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Fatty acid and steroid synthesis; detoxifies toxic substances; stores calcium

Golgi complex

Receives and modifies proteins from RER; sorts and modifies them for transport

Secretory vesicles

Secrete substances outside the cell by exocytosis

Lysosomes

Enzymes digest and recycle worn-out organelles and substances entering the cell; can digest the cell

Peroxisomes

Produce hydrogen peroxide; detoxify harmful substances

Cytoskeleton

Three kinds of protein filaments; maintain cell shape and involved in cell movement and movement of organelles

Centrosomes (centrioles)

Form mitotic spindle; needed to form cilia and flagella

Cilia

Abundant, hair-like cell projections that move fluids and particles along the cell surface

Flagella

Long cell projection; whip-like motion moves sperm

Cell Specialization

The human body contains over 200 different types of cells with different functions. These differences in function are reflected in cell structure.

Goblet cell

Specialized cell that produces mucus

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, contains genetic material

Motor neurons

Nervous tissue cells with many processes that receive information from other neurons and send electrical signals to muscle cells causing them to contract

Sperm cells

Small, oval cells with a flagellum that propels them through the female reproductive tract

Red blood cells

Anucleate cells that contain large amounts of hemoglobin, a red pigment that binds oxygen

White blood cells

Cells with nuclei that defend the body from pathogens and cancerous cells

Goblet cell

Specialized cell that produces mucus

RER

Rough endoplasmic reticulum, involved in protein synthesis

SER

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification

Golgi complex

Organelle involved in protein modification and sorting

Mitochondria

Organelle involved in ATP production through cellular respiration

Ribosomes

Organelles involved in protein synthesis

Microvilli

Cell surface projections that increase surface area for absorption or secretion

Peroxisomes

Organelles involved in detoxification and hydrogen peroxide production

Nuclear membrane

Membrane that surrounds the nucleus

Golgi apparatus

Another term for the Golgi complex

Simple squamous epithelium

A type of epithelial tissue with a single layer of flat cells

Connective tissue

Tissue that supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs

Nucleus of simple squamous cell

The central part of a simple squamous cell that contains genetic material

Nucleus of connective tissue cell

The central part of a connective tissue cell that contains genetic material

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A type of epithelial tissue with a single layer of cube-shaped cells