World History Final 2023

Homer

A Greek poet, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

Peloponnesus

the peninsula forming the southern part of the mainland of Greece, map

Athens

the capital and largest city of Greece,

Attica

A peninsula in east

Ionia

region of western Asia Minor colonized by Ancient Greeks, map

Crete

A Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea, southeast of Greece, map

Sparta

A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens, map

Miletus

Greek city

Sardis

Capital of Lydia, map

Cyclades

group of islands in the Aegean Sea, map

Iliad

Homer's epic that tells the story of the Trojan War

Achilles

"most excellent" warrior

Agamenmon

war leader of the Greeks

Odysseus

fights for the Greek in the Trojan War, the Odyssey, takes him 20 years to return home to Ithaca, cunning

Arete

"excellence from within," the Greeks most important quality

Aristos

people who were excellent, ex: war leaders

Demos

common male soldiers

Polis (poleis)

an independent city

Citizenship

available to few

Hesiod

poet in the mid

Agora

a public open space used for assemblies and markets, demos had "equal" power; they were allowed to speak and act as equals to the aristos

Laconic Wit

Spartan; wit that is "to the point"

Crypteia

Spartan ritual, young boys have to go on a hunt and kill a helot

Acropolis

A fortified hilltop in an ancient Greek city

Oracle of Delphi

person representing the god Apollo; received prophecies

Helot

Spartan slave, most of Sparta's population

Agoge

The Spartan military school that boys began attending at the age of seven

Solon

Athenian reformer of the 6th century (was on "both sides")

Demagogue

a leader who appeals to citizens' emotions to obtain power (good speaker)

Peisistratus

tyrant of Athens after Solon

Hippias and Hipparcos

sons of Peisistratus

Cleisthenes

founder of Athenian democracy

Liberalism and Conservatism

Conservative (keep) View of Arete: Iliad view, Aristos want it (Sparta)
Liberal (change) View: want change, Demos wants it (Athens)

Ionian Revolt

uprising of greek cities against persia

Marathon

a battle in 490 BC where the Athenians and their allies defeated the Persians

Xerxes

son of Darius; became Persian king.

Thermopylae

a famous battle in 480 BC, where the Persians attacked the Spartans, battle held in a mountain pass

Salamis

victory battle for Greece

Thermistocles

Athenian commander at the battle of Salamis

Trireme

an ancient Greek ship with three banks of oars, built specifically for ramming enemy ships.

Phalanx

A Greek military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields, very successful

Pericles

Athenian leader who fiercely sought to spread Athenian democracy through imperial force

Cimon

head of the conservative faction, beaten by Pericles

Ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Delian League

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city

Pericles' Funeral Oration

famous speech given by Pericles at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War

Peloponnesian War

athens city states vsi sparta

Melian Dialogue

A dialogue between the Melians and the Athenians, in which the Athenians refused to accept the Melian wish to remain neutral in the conflict with Sparta, eventually besieging and massacring them

Thucydides

ancient Greek historian remembered for his history of the Peloponnesian War (460

Socrates

Greek philosopher, Socratic method

Plato

philosopher; student of socrates; founded athens academy

Aristotle

Greek philosopher, a pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great

Roman Identity

1. Rome (city)
2. gods
3. family

Res Publica

"the republic"

Etruscans

the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted

Magna Graecia

"Great Greece"

Romulus and Remus

Founders of Rome in 753 BCE

Tiber River

The river where Rome was founded, map

Alps

largest mountain system in Europe, map

Gaul

An ancient region and Roman province that included most of present

Apennines

a mountain range extending the length of the Italian peninsula, map

Tarquinius Superbus

last king of Rome

Rape of Lucretia

raped by Sextus (Tarquinius' son), killed herself in shame

Scaevola

mythic hero of Rome, when captured and threatened with torture by the enemy, he thrust his right hand into a fire to show his loyalty to Rome.

Camillus

Roman war leader, returned from exile to save Rome, reformed the army

Brennus

chief of the Gauls

Patrician and Pleb

Patricians: rich; pleb: worked for rich

Pater Familias

"father of the family," gave the male head of the family almost unlimited authority.

Mos Maiorum

"ways of our ancestors," customs or traditions of ancestors,

Patron and Client

Patricians had Pleb clients in their house, built "workshops" for Plebs, took up a lot of space

Secessions of the Plebs

1st Succession

12 Tables

Rome's first code of written laws

Lex Hortensia

law made by Plebeians that all laws passed by the Plebeians are binding to all of Rome (342)

Consul

An elected official who led the Roman Republic (2 Consuls) one pleb and one partician

Assembly

place where roman laws were decided

Samnite Wars

three wars between Romans and Samnites (add more)

Maniple System

roman military organization;

Carthage

An ancient city on the north coast of Africa, map

Sicily

Largest island in Mediterranean Sea, map

Syracuse

city in Sicily, map

Rome

Capital of Italy, map

Scipio Africanus

Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama

Princep

highest title given to a Roman citizen; also means first citizen

Civic Virtues

the way a man acts in regard to his city

Comitas, Gravitas, Pietas

Comitas: humor, ease of manner
Gravitas: Gravity, sense of importance
Pietas: dutifulness, patriotism

Optimates

The Roman political faction supporting the "best," or highest, social class; established during the late republic.

Populares

The Roman political faction supporting the common people; established during the late republic.

Gracchi Brothers

Tiberius

Cato the Elder

Leader of the Senate, ended each speech with "Carthage must be destroyed"; greatly influenced the direction of the government as well as the Third Punic War

Marius

Roman Populares General

Sulla

Roman Optimates General

Julius Caesar

famous Roman general who became the republic's dictator in 45 B.C, part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life

Pompey

part of first Triumvirate, Roman general and statesman who quarreled with Caesar and was forced to flee with his army to Egypt (after the battle of Pharsalus) where he was murdered

Crassus

richest man in Rome, was part of the first Triumvirate

Cursus Honorum

succession of offices in increasing order

Alesia

Fortress in which Caesar beats the Gauls, one of greatest sieges in ancient warfare

The Rubicon

A river in northern Italy that Julius Caesar crossed with his army, in violation of the orders of the leaders in Rome, who feared his power. A civil war followed, in which Caesar emerged ruler of Rome.

Mark Antony

Caesar's right

Octavius Augustus

first roman emperor; adopted son of ceaser

Agrippa

Octavian's right