AP Psych Domain 2

central branch

brain and spinal chord

peripheral branch

somatic division and autonomic division

somatic division

voluntary body movement

autonomic division

involuntary body movement (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

sympathetic

fight, flight, or freeze, experiencing stress

parasympathetic

homeostasis, returns the body to a normal state

soma

body, cell body, body movement, control center, houses the nucleus

nodes of ranvier

what connects the myelin sheath

myelin sheath

fatty substance that encases the axon, accelerates charge, protects axon

axon

transmit and carries electrical pulse, wire like extension

terminal buttons

finger like extensions of the axons, house neurotransmitters

action potential

occurs in the nodes of ranvier, charge slows down in myelin sheath so when going through nodes it speeds up

dendrites

finger like extension of the cell body, receptors of the neurotransmitters of the next neuron

synapse

space between terminal buttons and dentrites

reuptake

the process where a sent transmitter returns to the sending neuron when there isn't space to be taken by the dendrites

afferent

sensory neurons, sent to brain from senses (touch, smell, etc.)

efferent

motor neurons, brain sending messages to body to move

interneurons

connect the two above and allows them to communicate with each other

serotonin

not hungry, happy, awake

noradrenaline

fear, excitement, stress

acetylcholine

memory, muscle movement

GABA

(inhibitory) prevention, slows down, blocks emotions

glutamate

(excitatory), enhances neurotransmission

endorphins

natural painkillers

dopamine

happy

EEG

older version of brain scan, measures electrodes outside the brain, measures when different parts of brain are active

CT

maps structure, cross-sectional, structural

PET

injected with radioactive material in blood, will show what portion of the brain is active by where the blood moves

MRI

live in time, most sophisticated of the time

lateralization

two portions of the brain

right hemisphere

personality is more creative

left hemisphere

personality is more logical

language

Broca's area, Wernicke's area in the left hemisphere is where language is learned

Broca's area

ability to speak

Broca's aphasis

brain damage, can't speak can still sing

wernike's area

ability to comprehend speech

wernike's aphasia

cannot understand speech, but can talk

global aphasia

loss of all ability to speak and comprehend

hindbrain

in back, what connects the spinal cord to the brain

medulla

responsible for the autonomic mechanisms, if damaged would die

pons

connects hindbrain and forebrain, "bridge"

cerebellum

voluntary body movement, balance, coordination

reticular formation

conscious, coma if damaged/passing out, wide awake, wakefulness

forebrain

front of brain

limic system

below the surface (not visible)

thalamus

pons connects to this, interpretation of senses except for smell, sensory part of brain

hypothalamus

fight, flight, freeze, food, fornication

amygdala

emotion center, "inside out"

hippocampus

memory

cerebral cortex

frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occidental lobe, parietal lobe, motor cortex, somatosensory cortex

forebrain

cerebral cortex

frontal lobe

front of the brain, decision making, reasoning

temporal lobe

responsible for hearing

occipital lobe

vision, "eyes in the back of your head"

parietal lobe

sense of touch

motor cortex

movement

somatosensory cortex

body sense, skin, helps determine touch

plasticity

brains ability to compensate for itself, picks up slack of missing parts

hypothalamus

controls endocrine system from the brain

pituitary gland

referred to as the master gland, second in charge, regulates the release of hormones of other glands, controlled by hypothalamus

HGH

produced by the pituitary gland, responsible for weight, height, and body mass

Pineal Gland

sleep gland, triggers release of serotonin and melatonin, wakes up and puts to sleep

Melatonin

produced by the pineal gland, natural body hormone that puts the person to sleep

thyroid gland

produces thyroxine, metabolic rate, weight

thyroxine

metabolism, the more the better metabolism

thymus gland

the immunity gland, fights off infection

thymosin

produced by the thymus gland, immunity, ability to fight illness

adrenal gland

releases two hormones, deals with stress

adrenaline

happens when under stress, gives energy, adrenal gland

cortisol

happens when under stress, adrenal gland

pancreas

blood sugar regulator, releases insulin

Insulin

regulates glucose levels, glucose levels were too high will need more of the hormone, levels too low will need sugar, pancreas

gonads

sex glands

ovaries

releases estrogen

testes

releases testosterone

gene

instructions, material that created a human being, coded chemical based, must travel from parent to child

DNA

carries genes, then wraps together

chromosome

bundles of DNA

dominant

will be more likely to show

recessive

take two of them to show

genotype

all genetic codes, genetics that is coded and you may not know it

phenotype

all observable genetic codes

mutation

when something does not transfer correctly with chromosomes

normal

will have the last pair of chromosomes

XX

female

XY

male

abnormal

missing last pair, or added chromosomes

X

turner syndrome, shorter, infertility, female

XXY

Klinefelter syndrome, breast development, male

XYY

Jacobs syndrome, large male, tall, long arms and legs, big hands, lanky

extra 21st

down syndrome, easy to tell, cognitive impairment

monozygotic

identical twins, one egg is fertilized then splits, genetic code is the same

dizygotic

fraternal twins, multiple eggs are fertilized, different genetic code

primary

born with them

vision

cones and rods

cones

allows to see in color, colorful

rods

black and white

opponent-process theory of color vision

means that colors are paired, black+white, red+green, blue+yellow

lens

flips the image

pupil

to allow light in