BIOLOGY: Cell

Robert Hooke 1665

first person to see cells

cytology

Robert Hooke is the father or the study of cells called

Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1673

discovered cells in pond water, which he called "animalcules"

Theodor Schwann 1839

zoologist who observed tissues of animals had cells

Mattias Schleiden 1845

botanist who observed tissues of plants contained cells

Rudolf Virchow 1850

reported that every living thing is made up of vital units, known as cell

Rudolf Virchow 1850

he predicted that cells come from other cells (3rd cell theory)

unicellular

1 celled organism that have all functions

multicellular

organisms with more than 2 cells

atoms

combined sub-atomic particles

molecule

combined elements or atoms

cell

combined molecule

tissue

combined cells

organ

combined tissues

body system

combined organs

population

organisms of the same species

community

organisms of different species, all populations in an area

ecosystem

interaction of organisms with abiotic factors such as water and soil, all communities and their environment

biosphere

all ecosystems on earth

prokaryote

smaller and simpler type of cell

nucleoid

nucleus-like irregularly-shaped region that contains all or most of the genetic material in a prokaryote

asexual reproduction

type of reproduction of unicellular organism

eukaryote

type of cell that vary in shape, some large

sexual reproduction

type of reproduction of multicellular organisms

cilia and flagella

both extend from the surface of the cell

cilia

numerous, short, hair-like projections

flagella

one or two, longer whip-like structures

cilia and flagella

both used to propel individual cells through environment

nucleus

present in all cells but bacteria cells

nucleus

often most prominent structure in center of cell

nucleus

controls cell processes

nucleus

stores hereditary information of DNA

nucleus

codes for protein synthesis

ribosomes

made up of ribosomal RNA found free in the cytoplasm or on the surface of rough ER

Adenine \= Thymine; Guanine \= Cytosine

nitrogen base pairings of DNA

cytoplasm

gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

Adenine \= Uracil; Guanine \= Cytosine

nitrogen base pairings of RNA

mRNA

messenger RNA that carries protein information from the DNA in a cell's nucleus to the cell's cytoplasm

nucleolus

dark spherical mass inside the nucleus

nucleolus

assembly of ribosomes begin here

nuclear envelope

surrounds nucleus

nuclear envelope

double membrane layer that contains pores which allow material to move intro and out of the nucleus

nuclear pore

protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

nuclear envelope

steady stream of RNA and other info-carrying molecules to the rest of the cell

nuclear envelope

consists of an inner and an outer membrane

perinuclear cisterna

fluid-filled region in the nuclear envelope that is enclosed by the inner and outer membrane

outer membrane

studded with ribosomes and continuous with the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where proteins are synthesized and move

centrioles

paired structure just outside the nuclear envelope in the cytoplasm

centrioles

only found in animal cells

centrioles

during cell division, these separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus

centrioles

help organize the spindle that separate the chromosomes

chromosomes

threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic (genetic) information from cell to cell

cell membrane

semi-permeable membrane

cell membrane

found in the outer boundary of animal and protist cells

cell membrane

outer edge of cytoplasm

cell membrane

membrane protein that allows in and out

cell membrane

regulates what enters and exits the cell

cell membrane

supports cell structures and provides strong barrier between cell and surroundings

cell membrane

construction is lipid bilayer, also containing proteins and carbohydrates

cytoplasm

material inside the cell membrane but not including the nucleus

cytoplasm

contains many structure called organelles

cytoskeleton

some cells may contain what

cytoplasm

establishes living condition to supply and transport materials for cell activities

cytoplasm

skeletal system, passive and active transport, translation of proteins

cytoskeleton

extending from nucleus to cell membrane in some cells

cytoskeleton

made up of protein filaments

microtubules

thick filaments that are big in diameter

microfilaments

thin filament

Intermediatefilaments

intermediate-sized filaments

cytoskeleton

helps cell maintain shape and involved in many forms of cell movement

endoplasmic reticulum

extend from nuclear envelope to cell membrane

rough e.r.

e.r. that contains ribosomes and where translation of proteins occur

smooth e.r.

e.r. that do not contain ribosomes

smooth e.r.

where synthesis of lipids occur

endoplasmic reticulum

organelle that transports materials

rough e.r.

modify proteins for secretion

smooth e.r.

contains enzymes that make lipids

ribosome

found in nucleus, cytoplasm and rough er

ribosome

produce proteins following coded instruction that come from the nucleus

ribosome

hamburger-like

golgi apparatus

near e.r. and nucleus

golgi apparatus

stack of membranes that accept proteins produced by rough e.r.

golgi apparatus

contain enzymes that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins

golgi apparatus

package proteins

golgi apparatus

send proteins to final destination

golgi apparatus

sorting center and exports proteins

lysosomes

throughout the cytoplasm of the cell and rare in plant cells

lysosomes

small organelles filled with enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell

lysosomes

also a "cell cleaner" to break down old organelles and dead pathogens

mitochondria

found throughout the cytoplasm

mitochondria

contain inner and outer membrane

mitochondria

more numerous in cells that have high energy requirements (e.g. muscles, liver, and brain cells)

mitochondrial DNA

genetic material of mitochondria

female parent

mitochondrial dna is from what

mitochondria

organelle that releases energy in the form of ATP from stored food molecules (glucose)

C6H12O6 + O2 -\> H2O + CO2

formula for cellular respiration

vacuoles

large in plant cells

vacuoles

act as stomach of cell

vacuoles

saclike structures in the cytoplasm

vacuoles

these are small and multiple in animal and protists cells