AP Euro

"enlightened" absolutist

example was Frederick II or Frederick the Great, disdained German culture and was a deist, his father trained him for kingship by forcing him to work at all levels of the state apparatus, was prepared to lead Prussia in a ruthless srtuggle for power and territory, claimed undivided power for the ruler, said that the king was the first servant of the state and that in the long run, an "enlightened" monarch might lead people to a more rational and moral existence, put effort into religious toleration and judicial reform, which gave him a reputation as an "enlightened absolutist", security justifies absolutism best though, acquired more trritory, stronger borders, and the power to face other European states as an equal, Fred captured Silesia

"public sphere"

complete of cultural institutions and forums like salons in which people exchanged ideas

5 States of Italy

Florence (banking), Venice, Naples-Sicily, Milan, Papal States

100 Years War

1337-1453, this war is increasing and getting more expensive, nobles have an economic advantage, modern weapons are bought, more armor,more mercenaries, between England and France because of Aquitaine,Edward II makes a claim to the French throne,the French nobility have an opportunity to have control of the French king and they want money from wool in Fanders,the fighting is in France, English win in the beginning, Joan of Arc has visions and helps the French, the French win but their land is destroyed, the English lose all French land except Calais, both suffer economically, the peasants were taxed alot, trade was disrupted, foot soldiers replace knights, Parliament overcomes the king in power, Estates General loses power

Adam Smith

wealth of nations, critical of mercantilism, favors a free market without restrictions by the gov't, believes in supply and demand, if people pursue their own individual self interest and gov'ts let supply and demand dictate market, economic prosperity will follow, influenced the Physiocrats
\---who believed land was the only true source of wealth- if you bmake land taxes more fair you will improve the economy, want to free up grain trade and let in operate through supply and demand

Adam Smith

wrote "An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (Wealth of Nations), questions the old system, upset with guild and government restrictions because they are dempening economic growth, favors laissez-faire which said that the economy should work through the free market system, free individual enterprise, his way slowly takes over

alchemy

the belief that matter could be understood and transformed by mixing substances and using secret formulas, a famous alchemist was Paracelsus, who said that metals as well as plants might have medicinal properties

Alexander Dumas

wrote the Three Musketeers

Alexander I

leader of Russia, unpredictable, ally of Metternich, harsh and strict, Decembrists acted against him but were put down, created the Holy Alliance

Avignon Exile

Babylonian captivity, 1309 Pope Clement IV moved the Papacy from Rome to France, the popes are subservient to the king and run into money problems, causes the Great Schism

Bacon

inspired scientists with what they could contribute to society, said that science is the savior of humans, greatest of science's propagandists, wrote the New Atlantis, which held his view of an ideal society, believed in induction

Baroque

grew as a result of sense and assurance of settlement after 1600, different from mannerism because people wanted to forget it and it was uneasy, had more grandeur, passion, drama, and mystery, closely associated with the Counter-Reformation's emphasis on gorgeous display in Catholic ritual, grandeur, theatricality, ornateness

Bayle

sided with reason over religion, he took religious claims and tested them using human reason and the scientific methods, whenever faith didn't match up he sided with reason, says that complete religious toleration is the only reasonable response because we can never know questions of faith for sure 100% based on scientific method and human reason, rulers pick up his ideas and take up religious toleration, Critical and Historical dictionary

Beethoven

most innovative composer, bridges a gap between the classical music of Haydn and Mozart and the later romantic music, adds vocals, deaf when composing 9th symphony

Bernini

sculpter and architect, used the reformation theme for his works, he did the St. Peter's basilica in Rome, very dramatic\=religious, sensual, overpowering, did a St. Theresa sculpture, epitome of the excitement and confidence of the Baroque

Bill of Rights

eatablished by William and Mary, it determind the succession to the throne, defined Parliament's power, and established basic civil rights

Black death

black plague, comes from fleas on rats on ships from India,25-60% of the population was affected, cities were affected more than the towns, there was also famine, poor nutrition, and bad weather, the population loss caused a shortage of labor, which meant that those working got paid more, people were questioning God, people were trying to celebrate before dying, there was alot of imagery in paintings of this time period, Jews are also targeted, serfs can move around now because their landlords cannot provide for them

Boccaccio

wrote The Decameron,which was about people fleeing from the plague, one of the first to write in prose

Brethren of the Common Life

important to Martin Luther, believed in a personal relationship with God

Britain's Poor Law, 1834

key example of expanding government intervention, most bitterly controversial welfare measure of the period, sought to make unemployment as unattractive as possible, the able-bodied poor requiring aid had to live in workhouses where discipline was harsh, conditions were kept mean, genders were seperated, workers called the workhouses Bastilles

Brumaire coup

a new constitution that essentially installed a dictatorship

Buffon

key scentist, working in natural history, Natural History of the Earth- describes threory on the earth's environment, he's agnostic- doesn't know if there is a god or not, ignores the Bible altogether, argues for a slow kind of evolutionary process to the earth and to earth's living organisms, his ideas had an impact on thinkers in 19th c., impacted science's effects on religion

Cahiers

opinions and grievances expressed by the people of France permitted by Louis

Caravaggio

created emotional moments in contrast of light and dark, he upset people because he hung with poor people and used them as Biblical models

Carbonari

secret groups, charcoal burners, met across Italy, middle class, talked of tyrannicide, sought equality and justice, advocated mild reform, held secret meetings, had terrifying oaths and ornate rituals

Carlsbad Decrees

issued by the German confederation under Metternich, intensified censorship, proscribed dangerous professors and students, outlawed fraternitities and political clubs, required each state to guarantee that its universities would be kept safely conservative

Caspar David Friedrich

German Romantic painter, also painted scenes of storms and ruins that evoked unseen powers

Castlereagh

leader of Great Britain, supported Metternich

Catherine de Medici

Henry II of France's widow, tries to preserve royal authority, in the civil war in france, she often switched sides if one became too powerful, made peace with the Huguenots in 1576

Catherine the Great

absolutist, 1762-1796, thought of herself as enlightened, had conversations with philosophes, believed in the Enlightenment like Fred the Great believed in it: she would be enlightened and she would do her duty for the state, she would administer well but she didn't want any help, convened a legislative commission that had reps from different parts of Russian society, dismisses it later, institutes the Charter of Nobility which further strengthened the system by strengthening the power of the nobility, Pugashev lead a revolt and she put it down but it scared her

Cervantes

wrote Don Quixote, which is about windmills that he thinks are giants so he fights them, shows social satire, captures the disillusionment that accompanied the political and economic decline of Europe's most powerful state, ridiculing the excessive chivalry of Spanish nobility

chamber of Deputies

chosen by a small wealthy electorate, France, had more authority than Napoleon had allowed, part of the legislative

Chamber of Peers

part of the French legislature, had more authority than Napoleon had allowed

charivari

means "the world turned upside down", it was a special procession or holiday that celebrated good times, lamented misfortunes, complaints of opression, and poked fun at scandolous behavior, this was all because Europeans began to believe in some greater force that was controlling their lives, so they were appeasing the force through these processions

Charles I

son of James I, forced to sign Petition of Right, but still makes decisions without the treaty, dissolves Parliament and doesn't call it back for eleven years, tries to make Scots adopt Anglican book of prayer, they revolt, so he calls back the Parliament and they sit for thirteen years, killed by Oliver Cromwell ulitmately because Cromwell wanted to reform and Charles thought he had reformed enough

Charles II

invited to come back to the throne, son of Charles I, under him the House of Lords gets reestablished and some peace was restores

Charles X

French king, succeeds Louis XVIII, attempts to consolidate more authority and power in the hands of the kings and this leads to criticisms by French liberals, issued the July Ordinances to oppress dissent and exert authority, tried to back down but was forced to abdicate

Christine de Pisan

women, wrote The City of Ladies- says that girls can do what guys can do

Ciompi Revolt

Florence, France, wool workers are losing money

Civic humanism

they solve Petrarch's problem and they say its better to have an active life because you can influence people

Civil Code

got rid of feudalism altogether, incorporated modern notions of property rights and contracts, people could have any job, everyone was equal and could move up the socio-economic ladder as far as merit and ability would allow, no workers unions, restored authority to the males of the family, curtailed many womens rights

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

National Assembly required the members of clergy to take and oath of loyalty to the constitution and the new regime, some refused to take the oath

Classicism

the attempt to recapture aesthetic values and strict forms, favored ancients Greece and Rome. had grandiose affects, it was like Humanism but bigger and with structure and pattern, appeared in drama and rose in stability

Colbert

Jean-Baptiste Colbert, one of Louis XIV's leading advisers, financial wizard who advocated a mercantilist policy, believed that government should attepmt to increase France's wealth and that the United Provinces were a danger to France, also he believed that resources should be poured into the navy, manufacturing, and shipping

Committee of Public Safety

headed by Robespierre, created by the Jacobins, controls military, economy, and anything to do with politics and society

Conciliar Movement

a group says that councils should rule the church, so there are now two big councils- Council of Pisa (1409), they decide to get a new pope but the other two stay so there are now 3 popes; Council of Constance (1414-1418), gets rid of the 3 popes, reunites the church under Pope Martin V in Rome

Concordat

Napolean believed it was necessary to make peace with the Catholic church so he made this, says that Catholicism is preferred and gave religious freedom to non-Catholics, land confiscated from the church during the revolution was to stay in the hands of the current owner

Congress of Vienna

1814, peace settlement made here, leaders wanted order and stability, a balance of power on the continent so no one state had too much power, restored things that had been abolished by the revolution, consisted of Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia, France; mainly conservative

constitutionalism

government dominated by aristocrats or merchants, but equally committed to uniformity, order, and state building

Continental Sytsem

economic policy by Napolean, prohibited Britain from trading with the rest of the continent

Copernicus

wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, said that the calculations of planetary movements of Ptolemy were way too complex but Copernicus's were also complex, he believed in the heliocentric theory, which said the sun is the center of the universe, Polish, successors found his calculations to be indespensable, ideas became a part of inellectual discussion, influenced the creation of the Gregorian calendar, the scholarly community argued over the certainty of Copernicus's ideas

Council of Trent

The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.

Cromwell

led the Puritans in the Commons in reforming the church, wanted abolition of the Anglican Book of Commom Prayer and attacked the authority of the bishops, led the Independents, who wanted the Anglican church to be replaced by a congregational system in which each congregation would decide its own form of worship, wanted to force Charles I into total submission and that did happen, reorganized the antiroyalist troops to form the New Model Army, which became unbeatable, captured and killed Charles I, abolished the House of Lords and removed all Presbyterians from the House of Commons to create the Rump Parliament, led the Coucil of State, fought for religious freedom and constitutional government, ruled by military dictatorship, was eventually called "His Highness"

Crystal Palace

1st international industrial exhibition in London, made up of many British inventions, glass and steel pavilion, a sort of giant greenhouse, comparison between Britain and other countries with relative economic development

Danton

a leading Jacobin, sentenced to death for voicing his belief that the terror had gone far enough

David

neoclassical, focused on themes and values of ancient world and this is seen in his paintings, paints in very vivid colors and emotions though

David Ricardo

Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, codified liberal economic theory, wealth of community comes from land, capital, and labor, a products value results primarily from the labor required to make it- labor theory of value, political economy, wanted special privelege to be eliminated, government is responsive to citizens, state should not regulate production and trade

Decembrists

attempted a coup and called for a constitution to ensure a more efficient and enlightened administration, easily defeated by Alexander

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

by National Assembly, set out the rights and responsibilities of citizenship, rested on a belief in natural rights and individual liberties\=equality before the law, freedom of expression, freedom of religion, sovereignty was in hands of individual citizens

deduction

knowing a fact with certainty, therefore you can deduce another fact, gaining facts from facts, advocated by Descartes

Defenestration of Prague

the Protestants throw Catholics out of the window of a castle during phase one of the Thirty Years' War

deism

recognize that there is a god and that the god created earth and that the earth operates according to natural laws , influenced by Newton, say that once God created the earth and set into motion according to the natural laws, he walked away from the world and let humans manage as they will and using human reason, God is the clockmaker

Descartes

French, made first attempt to apply the new methods of science to theories of knowledge, said that people can be deceived by their senses, so one should apply all knowledge to the princple of doubt, refusal to accept an authority without verification, came up with "I think therefore I am." showed the difference between faith and reality and the difference between science and fate and perception, theoretical instead of experimental, found difference between mass and weight, used deduction, wrote the Discourses

Diderot

wrote all kinds of literature, goes to jail early on, editore of the Encyclopedia, believed they could catalogue all human knowledge, Encyclopedia is 28 volumes, focuses on science, technology, economics, gov't- all areas that enlightenment thinkers believed could have tangible benefits for society, Enc. was banned by French gov't but was popular by late 18th c.

Diggers

radical reformers, communistic sect that sought to implement the spirit of primitive Christianity by abolishing personal property

East India Company

private corporation established to compete with the Dutch in the Far East, Britain administered its political and commercial interests in India through this, hold monopolies in India, handle the fighting and kick out the French, created a dual government, the British government eventually takes over

Edict of Nantes

issued by Henry IV, granted limited toleration to the Huguenots, made Calvinist worship legal, projected the rights of the minority, opened public office to Huguenots

Edmund Burke

Reflection of the Revolution in France, sees the revolution as reason run amock and unnatural, speaks against it and tries to get other countries to end it

Edward Gibbon

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, said that Christianity had eclipsed a Roman civilization that had sought to live according to reason rather than myths

El Greco

Greek, compelling, mystic,created an otherworldly alternative to the troubles of his time, cool colors, eerie lighting, elongated and agonized humans, used perspective, a skeptic

Elizabeth I

1558-1603, Protestant Queen of England, defeated by Philip II of Spain, great leader with determination yet elegance, very inspirational, most widely admired and most successful queen of her time, indecisive, did not marry, succeeded by James Stuart-King of Scotland, executed Mary Queen of Scots, delivered great speaches, retained subjects' allegiance even though some plotted to kill her

English Peasants' Revolt

also Wat Tyler's, 1381, also John Ball and Jack Straw, it begins over Statute of Labors again (low wages, pre-plague taxes) and poll taxes

epistemology

a new theory of how to obtain and verify knowledge

Estates General

consists of three states: clergy- high and low, nobility- conservative and liberal, everyone else- lawyers and officials, few peasants or merchants; audits the governments accounts and institutes necessary financial reforms, 3rd group was 97% but could still be overrode by 1st and 2nd because they were higher up

factory life

12 hour workdays, very hot in summer, very cold in winter, textile factories were damp, pace was relentless and danger great, workers were lethargic and sullen, drunken and indifferent, workers were hit, cursed, and given fines, constant surveillance, brutal work discipline, foul language, slovenliness, poor health, ignorance, promiscuity, eventually the hours were shortened to 10

Fall of the Bastille

July 14, Parisians take over Bastille where gunpowder was stored, a prison, and a symbol of despotism, 200 attackers are killed as they beat back garrisons, Louis enters "nothing new" into diary, this kept the National Assembly from being dissolved

Ferdinand VII

Spain, Bourbon, regained throne in 1814 when Napoleon's army was expelled, too weak to find a solution for his government's inefficiency or the nation's poverty

Ficino

Leading Platonic scholar of the Renaissance. A priest, he reconciled Platonic ideas with Christian ideals. EX- Platonic idea of immortality of soul marries with Christian ideal of salvation or damnation. God as a whole is in all things

Ficino

translator of Plato, tries to reconcile what Plato says with the early Christian fathers

Fourier

travelling salesman, ideal community- phalanstery-1600 men, women, and children, representatives of all types of personalities identified in his elaborate psychology, individuals would accomplish tasks that society required simply by doing what they wanted, pleasure and work flowed together, produced goods for export, members were payed, cooperation replaced compulsion, joy transformed drudgery

Francis I

Emperor of the Hapsburg Empire, recognized the claims of the Magyars, ruled during agitation by ethnic groups

Frederick III

little interest in state building, enjoyed the arts and culture, later became King Frederick I of Prussia, made his palace in Berlin a focus of art and polite society, created the Academy of Sciences

Frederick William I

pursued a strengthened absolutism at home and Europe-wide influence abroad, all business, supervised all government activities personally, oganized his state to serve military power

Frederick William of Hohenzollern

of Prussia, known as the "great elector", made his territories the dominant principality in northern Germany, strengthened power over subjects, created a strong army and became allies with the French and the Dutch to become successful in state building, brought together Brandenburg-Prussia with the help of the Junkers

Galileo

Italian, first to perceive the connection between planetary motion and motion on the earth, came up with the theory of inertia, was 1st to infer that Jupiter has satellites and moons, taught the heliocentric theory, which caused trouble with the church, they told him to quit teaching this and in fear of excommunication, he renounced beliefs, invented the telescope, was one of the first to approach his work in the same way as modern scientists, wrote Dialogue on the Two Great World Systems, advocated experience, reason, and doubt, did not let common sense and theological teachings get in the way

gentry

social group immediately below the nobles, growing economically in power, make up the House of Commons so they have political power, see themselves as most important in power, close to the Puritans, very powerful

German Confederation

created by the Congress of Vienna, controlled by Metternich, preserved the position of the strongest rulers while facilitating some coordination among Germany's many states, legislated on limited matters, used to supress agitation led by nationalist and reformist student groups

Girondin

wanted a decentralized state through France and a free economy based on Laisse-faire, fear radicalism of Jacobins and Sans Culotte, ousted and killed by Sans Culotte

Goethe

created Sturm and Drang/ storm and stress, The Sorrows of a Young Wirther- man unlucky in love and commits suicide because he is devastated, overly dramatic, Faust- by the end, Goethe says that it might not be good to be overly dramatic and that maybe we should control things like that

Great Fear

peasants rise up in this because they fear that the nobles are hoarding grain to starve them, lasts from July to early August- peasants are seizing nobles homes and they burn legal documents that lay out the money and other obligations that peasants owe the nobles, August 4th- National Assembly issues a decree abolishing feudalism and it is essentially the end of the old regime

Great Schism

division of church, the Pope is the leader of West Europe at the time, he is building strength and running into problems and the problems reduce the prestige of the Papacy, some problems are the Avignon Exile and money problems\=unethical means of raising money, Pope Gregory moves the papacy back to Rome then he dies, the new pope ticks off the Cardinals so they pick a new pope who goes back to France, but the old pope stays in Rome; there is now two popes

guilds

groups of people of the same craft,increase in power and size during this time so there are no alternatives/competition

Gustavus Adolphus

from Sweden, Protestant, doesn't want the Hapsburgs to encroach on his land, created the salvo, invaded Holy Roman Empire in 1630, war geniusm dies and Battle of Lutzen in 1632

Hanseatic League

trade association, cities around N. Europe,Baltic and N. Sea, make it easier to trade

Henry Fielding

one of the authors of the novel which focused on creating realistic social context, featured female character as the prtagonist sometimes, very realistic

Henry IV

Proestant, converted to Catholicism, renounced Protestantism to gain acceptance from his Catholic subjects, Phillip II tried to stop him from inheriting the French throne but was unsuccessful, also known in history as Henry of Navarre, issues the Edict of Nantes

Hobbes

scholar used strictly logical methods of the sciences to analyze political behavior, wrote the Leviathan, says that in a state of nature before civilized society, we are at war with one another, so the state of nature is a state of war, says that the only way to stop the aggressiveness is to create a higher authority so people can give up their rights to it, so it will maintain peace, it's either submittal or anarchy, one sided contract, argued for absolutism

Holy Alliance

created by Alexander I, conservative, proposal that European politics be governed by Christian principles

Humanism

a curriculum (studying classics), asks what is the right way to conduct your own life?, Cicero and Augustine were major influences, they studied Latin, Greek, Hebrew, ancient math, philosophy, they reconciled pre-Christian writers with Christianity

Hume

tried to define good and evil in pragmatic terms, embedded study of social sciencein questions of morality and the study of ethics, said social utility should become the standard for public morality