challenging religious changes
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why did Henry VIII want a divorce from Catherine of Aragon?
he wanted a son & fell in love with Anne Boleyn
what would the Catholic Church not allow Henry to do? and so what did Henry do?
divorce Catherine:
He asked the Pope for a divorce
Pope refused
following the Pope’s refusal to divorce Henry and Catherine what did Henry do?
he made himself the head of the Church
by taking control of church properties what would Henry gain?
vast amounts of wealth→ help fund his wars w/ France, Scotland and Ireland
what was the ‘Great Matter’ and from when did it span until?
process of securing an annulment for Henry:
1527-1534
who replaced Worsley as an advisor?
Thomas Cromwell
what were Cromwell’s initial promises to Henry?
if the Pope would not grant the annulment then Cromwell would pressure the Church in England to do so
if the Church in England supported the King hopefully the Pope would too
what was the break with Rome?
masterminded by Cromwell
when Henry renounced the authority of the Pope & created a Church in England of which he was the head of
following the break with Rome what did Cromwell want?
Cromwell as keen to promote not just structural changes but also doctrinal changes to reflect his own evangelical beliefs
when was the break with Rome?
1534
how did Henry enforce the break with Rome was legal?
through parliamentary legislation allowed Henry to claim the break with Rome was legal since it had the support of English people.
what 4 acts were passed under the Henrician Reformation?
act in restraint of Annates
act in restraint of appeals
act of supremacy
treason act
what was the meaning of the Act in Restraint of Annates?
forbade the payment to the Vatican of up to 95% of Annates
Henry hoped this financial penalty would encourage the Pope to grant on annulment
when was the Act in Restraint of Annates passed?
1532
what was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
Declared final authority in all legal matters resided in the monarch:
meant that people could not appeal to the Pope to overturn Henry's rulings on the church
who passed the Act in Restraint of Appeals? and why was this important?
passed by parliament:
appeared as though this was accepted by the people since parliament is supposed to be the people
when was the Act in Restraint of Appeals passed?
1533
what was the Treason Act of 1534?
forbade people from speaking out and criticising the King
how did the Treason act aid the Act of Supremacy?
Treason act made it possible to prosecute those who refused to swear an oath, as traitors
what happened as a result of the Treason Act? name an example?
influential opponents of the supremacy were executed because they were unable to accept Henry’s supremacy:
Sir Thomas More (Henry’s chanellor)
what was passed in 1934?
Act of Succession
what did the Act of Succession do?
made Henry’s daughter (with Catherine Aragon) illegitimate
what was the Act of supremacy?
defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links with Rome
what 3 things did the Act of supremacy assert about the king?
had God given right to cure the souls of all of his subjects
head of the national church
owed no obedience to the Bishop of Rome
when was the Act of supremacy passed?
1534
what did the Act of supremacy force people to do?
swear an oath they would not disobey Henry → those who did disobey him would be punished
what was the 1535 Valor Ecclesiasticus?
a record of all of the wealth and income of monastic institutions
what followed the Valor records?
visitations to monasteries by commissioners of Cromwell
what did Henry do to Cromwell in 1535?
appointed Cromwell to Viceregent in Spirituals
what did Cromwell’s vicergency give him?
enormous power over the Church → used to alter the doctrine of the Church
what was the Vicergent in Spirituals?
a post created specifically for Cromwell and meant he was Henry’s deputy in all spiritual and religious matters → despite not being a clergyman
what started the dissolution of monasteries?
Valor inspections
what did the Act for the Dissolution of smaller monasteries do?
allowed the destruction of monasteries, lead was stripped and Melted down and stain glass images were smashed
what was the Comperta Monastica 1535?
a book compiled by Cromwell’s agents / commissioners which contained lists of transgressions / abuses admitted by monks
what were Cromwell’s commissioners instructed to do in the monasteries?
record whether the monasteries were complying with the oath of supremacy
describe the order of the monastery dissolution? and how was this used to justify monastery closures?
valor inspections to discover the wealth of the monasteries
monasteries were then visited by commissioners to gather evidence of corruption
evidence found by valor inspections / commissioners was used to justify monastery closures
between 1536-1537 how much money was raised through the dissolution of monasteries?
£1.3 million
what happened to monasteries in 1937?
larger monasteries were closed —> Cromwell encouraged ‘voluntary closures’ by offering Abbots rewards
what did the break with Rome mean for some influential figures?
they were executed because they could not accept Henry’s supremacy
what were three causes of the Lincolnshire uprising?
religious causes
political causes
social & economic causes
other than monasteries how did Cromwell further threaten religion in 1536 leading to the Lincolnshire uprising? why was this bad to the people of England?
attacked traditional practices: banning pilgrimages, and feast days
many felt these traditional practices prepared their souls for the afterlife and so Cromwell was threatening this
what economic problem led to the Lincolnshire uprising?
demands for tax under the 1534 subsidy
why was the 1534 tax subsidy a problem among the people?
already economic hardship in the north of England —> coincided with 2 years of bad weather - poor harvests
methods used to collect subsidy added to resentment in North as commissioners were used to inquire into each perosn’s ability to pay —> gov intervention
why were there grievances between tenants & landlords due to enclosure?
enclosure meant some tenant farmers were forced off their land by their landlords
enclosure: incorporating smaller holdings of land into a larger firm —> more profitable for 🐑 farming
why were there grievances between tenants and landlords due to entry fines?
this fee was paid to the landlord when a tenant died & was succeeded by an heir.
entry fines allowed landlords to raise their profits.
increasing entry fines placed a greater burden on tenant farmers
what happened on the 2nd October - 3rd 1536?
officers on behalf of the Bishop of Lincoln arrived in Louth to visit the clergy
following the officers arriving in Louth what were the reactions by the people?
paranoia was high —> an armed group of men guarded the church fearing it might be seized
how did the men of Louth show their anger against the dissolution of monasteries?
they marched to the nearby Nunnery capturing commissioners sent to destroy it
what happened the day after the commissioners arrived in Louth?
rumours began swirling that weapons would be seized
how did the men of Louth show their strength over the commissioners following the rumours?
3,000 men met together at Lincoln and commissioners were forced to flee
who died on the 9th October during the Lincolnshire rebellion?
Dr Raynes, the chancellor of the Bishop of Lincoln was killed by an angry mob
At Lincolnshire what was contained in the petition?
a petition was drawn up to express rebels grievances:
blamed Henry’s “evil counsellors” not Henry directly —> to avoid being persecuted for treason
complaints about 1534 subsidy and the inability to pay for it
when the men marched to Lincoln how many rebels joined them?
10,000 rebels
which 2 members of the local nobility fled rather than stopping the Lincolnshire rebels?
Lord Hussey and Lord Darcy
how did Henry deter the gentry who had previously led the Lincolnshire rebellion?
he threatened them with severe punishments
what happened to the gentry who had partaken in the Lincolnshire rebellion?
Duke of Suffolk pardoned them
3 reasons the Lincolnshire rising was a significant threat?
some of local gentry involved
10,000 involved and they marched to Lincoln and seized it
members of church also involved
3 reasons the Lincolnshire rising was a insignificant threat?
local gentry backed down following Henry’s threat of punishments
rebels divided when gentry backed down at consequence of treason
revolt put down v. quickly
How did Henry show his miscalculation at putting down the Lincolnshire rising?
ease at which rebellions had been put down = false sense of security
H disbanded a SECOND army that was sent north to deal w/ rebels
leaving Duke of Suffolk and his army alone to suppress the trouble in Lincolnshire
why did monks join the rebellion?
worried about the fate of their institutions
3 reasons why the local gentry joined the Lincolnshire rebellion?
resentful of the Act of Uses
Angry at religious changes
to control it
when did the pilgrimage of Grace begin and where
10th October 1536 in East Rising of Yorkshire
what did the rebels capture on 11th October 1536?
Barnard castle
By the 16th October how many supporters hd the rebellion gained?
10,000 followers
what did the rebels do early on to show their peaceful intentions?
restored 2 religious houses in York
who led the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Robert Aske
what happened on the 19th October in the pilgrimage of Grace?
rebels captured port of Hull & Pontefract castle —> not stopped by Lord Darcy
which region was the only one where the rebels had been less successful? and why?
Lancashire —> Earl of Derby remained loyal
by the end of October how large was the rebellion?
9 rebel armies had amassed across North
strong with 30,000 well trained fighters
Why was Herny’s forces weak compared to the rebels?
they were overstretched in comparison:
Suffolk still suppressing the Lincolnshire uprising & second army was headed for the north
what happened on the 23rd October?
Duke of Norfolk marched with 8,000 men
why was Norfolks army weak?
they were heavily outnumbered with 30,000 rebels to 8,000 soldiers
forced to negotiate with the rebels
what were four examples of the rebels demands to Norfolk for the king?
destruction of works by Protestant reforms
Henry to give-up his position as head of church
reinstate smaller religious houses
parliament to be held at York / Nottingham
how did Henry initially reason to the rebels? and how did the rebels respond to this?
wrote an angry letter —> rebels drew up a second list of complaints
how did Henry respond to the rebels the second time?
he agreed to negotiate with them
what are 2 examples of the promises Henry made to the rebels?
Agreed to pardon the rebels & to hold a parliament in the north
what did Henry’s negotiations mean for the rebellion? (2 points)
news of pardons reached rebel camps and so they began to go home
gained the support of Robert Aske
with Henry’s promises what did Robert Ashe do?
he visited London
why were Henry’s promises clever?
they were oral promises - never wrote them down and so he could easily go back on his word
by January 1937 what had happened to the rebels?
they realised Henry had tricked them and so under Franci Bigod began a short rebellion
only supported by a few hundred rebels
why was this rebellion by Bigod good for Henry?
it led to the attacking of Carlisle by the rebels giving Henry the means to punish the rebels
how many people were executed following the rebellion?
144
how was Robert aske punished?
hanged by chains and his body was left hanging as a warning to others
who was Thomas Miller and how was he punished?
he was hanged in 1538 for stating the rebels had a larger rebellion and so were in a stronger position to negotiate
how did Henry show his moderate approach to suppressing the rebellion in the long term?
he reformed the council of the North allowing some pilgrims to be members
evidence there was still resentment toward Henry’s reforms in 1541?
there was a plot to kill the President of the Council
plot was suppressed by the council itself
3 reasons why the Pilgrimage of Grace was a significant threat?
some nobility joined
rebels were organised and in constant communication
rebellion was a logistical problem with Suffolk still surpassing rebels in Lincolnshire
3 reasons why the Pilgrimage of Grace was an insignificant threat?
Henry still had good control over the nobility despite some joining
it was eventually surpassed
Henry managed to split the nobility by offering rewards to those loyal to him
which 3 groups supported the Pilgrimage of Grace?
religious
commoners
nobility
why did Lord Darcy and Lord Hussey join the rebellion?
they were part of the conservative fraction —> restoration of true catholic ideas
why was Robert Aske clever?
he masked the rebellion under terms of “pilgrimage” and “pilgrims”
thus making it clear the pilgrimage was for religious reasons and was not aimed directly at the king
so they could not get punished for treason
why was Robert Aske referred to as the “go between” man?
he was able to lead the commoners
also persuaded the nobility to join the rebellion such as Lord Darcy and Lord Hussey
name the big mistake of Robert Aske?
He was naive and believed the promises of Henry which led to the rebellion collapsing itself as he covinced the rebels that Henry could be trusted
why did Francis Bigod join the Pilgrimage of Grace?
he disagreed with Henry’s supremacy believing that only clergymen should decide on the doctrine / organisation of the church
what did Bigod do following Robert Aske?
tried to start another rebellion because he did not trust the promises of Henry
what was the problem for Bigod?
he could not muster enough support for a serious rebellion and only commoners joined and so it was easier to put down
how did Cromwell use the rebellion to gain greater support of Henry?
He used the rebellion to remove claimants to the throne such as Pole and Courtenay who were executed for treason
what did Cromwell introduce in 1538?
a set of injunctions to the clergy which discouraged the Veneration of relics and images
what did Cromwell introduce in 1539?
the publication of the Great bible - a revised translation of it
how did Norfolk aid the putting down of the rebellion?
he persuaded the rebels and Robert Aske that they could trust Henry’s promises