ENVS T2

All matter is composed of simpler building blocks called ____.

elements

The physical and chemical properties of elements are attributable to the characteristics of their most basic subunits, _____

atoms

Two or more atoms may be held together by chemical bonds to form _____

molecules

atoms share electrons unequally, so part of the molecule is electrically positive (_____) and part is electrically negative (_____)

hydrogen, oxygen

What kind of bond is formed between water molecules?

hydrogen

Is a hydrogen bond strong?

no

When water ____, the hydrogen bonds get weaker. When water ____, the bonds get stronger.

heats, cools

Water is ____ when it is cool

denser

Ice is ______ dense than liquid water

less

Since water is _____, it is a great solvent

polar

____ is the ability of a chemical to dissolve in a particular liquid

solubility

Water is a ___ solvent because it has the tendency to dissociate into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)

good

Pure water contains ____ amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

equal

____ _____ in water may shift the amount of H+ ions relative to OH- ions

chemicals dissolved

The ____ _____ is a quantitative representation of the relative amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a liquid

pH scale

When the concentration of H+ exceeds that of OH-, it is considered _____ and is ____ than 7 on the pH scale.

acidic, below

When the concentration of OH- exceeds that of H+, the solution is ______ and it is ____ than 7 on the pH scale

basic, more

Alkaline synonym

basic

primary structural and functional elements of organisms are _____ ______

organic molecules

_____ _____ are made of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms

Organic molecules

Life on earth is ____ based

carbon

Organic molecules range in size from relatively _____ hydrocarbons and sugars to ______, complex molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids

small, large

Compounds that are not made up of carbon and hydrogen are called _______.

Inorganic

Carbon atoms have ability to bond with up to _____ other atoms, allowing carbon to form a great number of different compounds

four

____ are organic molecules composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Hydrocarbons

_____ are made when organisms decay and are a good energy source

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbon example:

Methane

_____ are organic molecules we associate with life are large and complex

Macromolecules

Macromolecule categories (4)

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, nucleic acids

carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are _____

polymers

______ consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

carbohydrates

Table sugar is also called ______

fructose

the general chemical formula for _____ (CH2O)n , where n is between 3 and 7

carbohydrates

Ribose (C5H10O5 ) and deoxyribose (C5H10O4 ) are two very important ____-_____ sugars.

five-carbo

____ is composed of hundreds of glucose molecules Plants use this to store extra sugar. This is a polysaccharide.

Starch

______ is composed of hundreds of glucose molecules. It is the primary constituent of plant tissues.

Cellulose

The only difference between starch and cellulose is the nature of the _____ between adjacent glucose molecules, which effects organisms ability to break down molecules.

bond

Most organisms can easily break the bonds in _____, releasing glucose molecules to use for food and energy while only a few kinds of microorganisms are able to break the bonds in ______.

starch, cellulose

_____ are organic molecules made of long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked to a smaller “head” containing one to several oxygen atoms. The head region is _____.

Lipids, polar

Lipids are important forms of ______ ______.

energy storage

_____ are polymers made of nitrogen-containing organic molecules called ______ _______.

proteins, Animo acids

each ______ _____ has a nitrogen-containing amino group (-NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH)

amino acid

Individual proteins are composed of 100 to over 1,000 individual -______ ______

amino acids

The function of each protein is determined in part by its unique _____ of amino acids

sequence

The chemical interactions and bonds among the various amino acids in a protein chain cause it to fold into a very complex _____-_____ shape, which is important to its function

three-dimensional

Proteins are provide _____, control _____ activities, enable movement, protect against _____, and act as ______(enzymes)

structure, cellular, disease, catalysts

____ are substances that promote chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

catalysts

______ ______ are polymers of chemical subunits called nucleotides

Nucleic acids

Every _____ is made of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group (−PO4 ), and a nitrogenous base

nucleotide

The primary function of nucleic acids is to ____ and ____ information This information enables every cell in an organism to carry out its functions

store, transmit

What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

___ forms the hereditary material that is passed from generation to generation in all organisms

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Each ___ _____ includes a sugar deoxyribose and one of four nitrogenous bases—adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G)

DNA nucleotide

Each DNA molecule is made up of two strands. The ____ strand, carries the code for the particular sequence of bases unique to the organism. The second strand carries bases that are _____ to the first strand, forming distinct base pairs

sense, complementary

Adenine (A) pairs only with thymine (T) , cytosine (C) pairs only with guanine (G) letters.

AT, CG

Deoxyribose and phosphate groups form the ____ of this ladder, paired nucleotides form the ____

edges, rungs

The spiral of the molecule is described as a ____ ____

double helix

____ enables the synthesis of proteins

RNA

RNA vs DNA: RNA contains the sugar ribose, the nitrogenous base uracil (U) rather than thymine (T), and is a ____ strand.

single

Proteins are synthesized through ____ and ____.

transcription, translation

_______ is when the DNA code for a particular gene is rewritten as a segment of RNA

Transcription

The transcribed RNA is the template for making a specific protein in the______ _____

Translation process

The amino acids making up proteins are written into the DNA code as a sequence of three distinct bases (ex: TAG, CAA, or GTC). The RNA strand transcribes these triplets using complementary bases (AUC, GUU, or CAG). this sequence is then translated into a particular sequence of amino acids and a newly ______ _____.

Synthesized protein

The ____ is an organism’s complete set of DNA

genome

The ____ type depends on what portions of the _____ are being transcribed and translated inside.

cell, genome

organisms differ from one another in part because of differences in the sequence of _____ in their genomes

nucleotides

4 Kinds of energy are found in:

motion, chemical bonds, light, matter

Energy changing forms makes the energy more _____

chaotic

First Law of Thermodynamics

total amount of energy in the universe is constant

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Every energy transformation increases disorder

______ describes the disorder or disorganization in a system

Entropy

ecosystems and their organisms only remain organized because of the constant input of “outside” energy from the ____

sun

the energy of motion is _____

heat

the energy in chemical bonds is ____ ____

chemical energy

the energy in light is _____ ______

electromagnetic radiation

the energy contained in matter itself is ______ energy

nuclear

full range of wavelengths is called the ______ _____

electromagnetic spectrum

Photons in the visible light spectrum are sufficiently energetic to elevate the energy level of electrons in organic molecules without ____ ____ ____

breaking their bonds

_____ waves, ____, and ____ light are wavelengths that are shorter than those of visible light. These are generally harmful to organisms.

gamma, e-rays, UV

_____ pack energy sufficient to disrupt the bonds in many organic molecules

Photons

• infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio waves are examples of _________ radiation

electromagnetic

Electromagnetic radiation are _____ than visible light, carry less energy than visible light, and have photons that are strong enough to _____the kinetic energy of molecules and break very weak chemical bonds

longer, increase

______ is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a collection

Temperature

What four ways can heat move?

Conduction, Convection, Radiation, latent heat transfer

______ is the direct transfer of heat by means of the collisions of molecules

Conduction

_____ occurs because warm regions in a gas or liquid become less dense and rise, causing the gas or liquid to circulate

convection

_____ measures the average kinetic energy of molecules

Temperature

Within a liquid, some molecules move more rapidly than others. ____ _____ _____ occurs as the molecules with the highest kinetic energy evaporate, which lowers the average kinetic energy and the temperature of the molecules left behind

Latent heat transfer

____ energy is potential energy associated with the formation or breakage of bonds between atoms

Chemical

The energy in the bonds of _______ is retrieved by plants and animals to sustain all of life’s functions

carbohydrates

energy (E) contained in matter is equal to its mass (m) times the speed of light. this means that even small amounts of matter have a lot of _____.

energy

Nuclear ____ occurs when the nucleus of an atom is split, producing two or more smaller nuclei and a great deal of electromagnetic and kinetic energy. It changes one element into one or more other elements that loose a little bit of mass from the energy use.

fission

Neutrons striking the nuclei of atoms of the uranium isotope 235U can cause the atoms to split into a variety of new atoms and free neutrons, releasing considerable energy. Sometimes this causes a _____ ______. We can control it and use it to boil water to generate _____. If the chain reaction is uncontrolled, it can be made into an atomic bomb.

chain reaction, electricity

Nuclear _____ two atoms collide with so much energy that their nuclei fuse, forming an atom of a new element.

fusion

The fusion of relatively small atoms, such as hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, results in a net _____ of energy as very small amounts of mass are converted to energy. The fusion of massive atoms, such as lead or mercury, requires an _____of energy.

release, input

The most common example of nuclear _____ is when two atoms of hydrogen collide to create an atom of helium. This requires a lot of kinetic energy. The electromagnetic radiation and kinetic energy released from this reaction far _____ the energy contained in the colliding hydrogen atoms. This powers the stars.

fusion, exceed

____ is a unit of energy for the work done by a force moving an object over a specified distance. It is approximately the energy required to heat 1 g of water by 0.24 °C

joule

A ______ is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C (1 cal=4.18 J). Used to measure changes in the energy of organisms and ecosystems

calorie

The energy unit to measure electricity is the ______-____ (Wh). It is based on ___, which is equal to 1 joule per second.

Watt-hour, watt

The ______ ____ describes the distribution and flux of water through Earth’s ecosystems.

hydrologic