crim just midterm

From 1900 to 1935, the nation experienced a sustained increase in criminal activity. T or F?

True

An officer's initial contact with a suspect is considered part of the informal criminal justice process. T or F?

True

The contemporary criminal justice system is society's instrument of social control. T or F?

True

Most criminal cases are processed through the entire formal criminal justice system.​ T or F?

False

Ethical behavior is particularly important in law enforcement because police officers have the authority to deprive people of their liberty.​ T or F?

True

Advocates of the ________ perspective would advocate for the decriminalization of marijuana.

nonintervention

According to the criminal justice assembly line model, ________ are moved down the conveyor belt.

cases

The ________ branch of government interprets existing laws and determines whether they meet constitutional requirements.

​judicial

Which member of the courtroom work group experiences the ethical concern of having obligations to a client and a profession?​

defense attorney

Offenders at the Level ____ of the "wedding cake" model of criminal justice have typically committed a serious offense but will not garner much media attention.​

​II

The _________ defines the law (by determining the conduct that is prohibited) and establishes criminal penalties for those who violate the law.

​legislature

Which of the following is false about the grand jury?​

Every state uses the grand jury system.

Which statement is accurate concerning crime in a historical context in the United States?

​Crime and violence have been common since the nation was first formed and are not recent social problems.

Crime is a violation of social rules of conduct. T or F?

True

The interactionist view of crime falls between the consensus and conflict visions. T or F?

True

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), is a comprehensive, nation-wide survey of victimization in the United States. T or F?

True

White-collar crimes include income tax evasion, credit card fraud, and bank fraud. T or F?

True

A key advantage of the NCVS is its ability to capture offenses that were never reported to the police. T or F?

True

One problem with the data in the FBI's UCR is that people often lie on self-reports.​ T or F?

False

The trend line for property victimization has _______ since the early 1990s.

Decreased

Which is not one of the potential problems of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)?

question format that often validates responses

The ________ view of crime rests on the assumption that criminal law has a social control function.

consensus

The police chief believes that the department needs to focus on prostitution and drug abuse because the two are interconnected, and he believes that both are linked to more serious crimes. Drug use and prostitution are examples of:

public order crimes.

The _______ view of crime contends that there are moral entrepreneurs who want to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong.

interactionist

Which is not a problem associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

highly accurate reporting of crime.

The greatest number of reported crimes occur in which season?

summer

The peak age for property crime is 16, and the peak age for violent crime is:

The ________ was intended to supplement the UCR with more detailed information about victim and offender characteristics.

NIBRS

________ provide information on the personal characteristics of offenders, such as their attitudes, values, beliefs, and psychological profiles.

Self-report studies

The mayor is more concerned with violent crimes. She believes that if people hear that her city has experienced an increase in violent crimes, they will no longer come to visit. Since the city is on a beach, tourism is a major source of revenue, so the mayor is concerned that the most recent crime statistics will cause a decrease in revenue. If the mayor is most concerned with violent crimes, which crime does not concern her as much?

prostitution

The ________ is considered official crime data collected by the FBI.

Uniform Crime Report

Criminologists study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. T or F?

True

Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the way people perceive and mentally represent the world in which they live T or F?

True

Symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) may include frequent loss of temper, constant arguing with adults, defying adults or refusing adult requests or rules. T or F?

True

Alexithymia is a disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, loss of appetite, and hopelessness. T or F?

False

Specific deterrence relies on punishment that is severe enough to convince convicted offenders never to repeat their criminal activity. T or F?

True

Developmental theories are concerned with trying to understand why people commit crime T or F?

False

Under the general theory of crime, criminal acts are attractive because they provide instant gratification for the offender T or F?

True

The terms "psychopath" and "sociopath" are commonly used to describe people who have an antisocial personality. T or F?

true

According to situational crime prevention, known criminals will never be tempted to repeat their offenses if punishment is severe enough. T or F?

false

________ occurs in disorganized neighborhoods marked by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and distrust that is passed from one generation to the next, creating a permanent underclass.

A culture of poverty

When Mr. Brown meets with Louise, he asks her the same questions he asked Mary about her background. Louise explains that she has been arrested ten times before for various charges, including drug possession, burglary, and assault. Louise also explains that she has been diagnosed with ADHD and learning disabilities, and that she does not always know why she does the things she does. Which biosocial view of crime would best explain Louise's behavior?

neurological

______ theory suggests that some people adopt the goals of society but lack the means to attain them and will therefore seek alternatives, such as crime.

strain

Larry meets with Warden Smith. Larry has been to prison three times previously. He tells Warden Smith that he has committed hundreds of other crimes for which he never got caught. His current conviction is for drug dealing. Larry was willing to take a chance in dealing drugs because he was going to make over $100,000 for the transaction and he thought the potential profit was worth the risk and the effort. _____ theory best explains why Larry committed his crimes.

Choice

______ is the process by which criminal behavior becomes embedded because antisocial behavior erodes social ties that encourage conformity and creates incentives to commit crime.

State dependency

________ is not considered a biochemical factor.

genetic abnormality

The _________ effect is defined as the assumed ability of the threat of criminal sanctions to discourage crime before it occurs.

deterrent

______ theory is not a type of developmental theory.

Social strain

What does lifestyle theory posit about victimization?

Crime is not a random event, and the probability of a crime occurring is dependent on the activities of the victim.

Which is not one of the factors linked to predatory crime rates in routine activities theory?

extent of relative social deprivation

When Mr. Brown asks Mary if she thought twice about stealing the car from the teacher's parking lot, she replied, "When I saw that the gate was open and there was no security officer around, I had no fear of stealing the car." What situational crime prevention tactic could have prevented this crime from occurring?

Increase the effort needed to commit the crime.

Voluntary intoxication can be used as a successful defense under some circumstances. T or F?

False

Criminal and civil law can be interrelated. T or F?

True

Sanctions for various offenses can vary greatly from state to state. T or F?

True

Mala in se crimes are statutory crimes that reflect existing social conditions. T or F?

False

The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy. T or F?

True

The nature and definition of due process remains unchanged across historical time periods. T or F?

False

Insanity is a justification defense. T or F?

True

Stopping, questioning, or searching an individual without legal justification represents a serious violation of the Fourth Amendment. T or F?

True

The contemporary U.S. legal system is codified by the state legislatures and the U.S. Congress. T or F?

True

Self-defense as a justification requires imminent danger and an inability to escape from the attacker. T or F?

True

Excuse defense ultimately rests on proving

a lack of intent.

Which condition pertains to mens rea?

The person could not have known the potential consequences of their actions.

Which condition(s) pertain(s) to actus rea?

The duty to act is a legal and not a moral duty.

The _______ Amendment outlaws illegal searches and seizures by police.

Fourth

_______ law is the type of law deals with the state of government agencies and controls their administrative relationships with individuals, corporations, or other branches of government.

Public

Liability that can occur when a person's careless and inattentive actions cause harm is called:

criminal negligence.

Due process can be divided into two distinct categories, which include:

substantive and procedural.

In order for a robbery to occur, the robber must acquire the victim's possessions. This is referred to as:

asportation.

Stare decisis is Latin for:

to stand by decided cases.

If a pregnant woman in labor stole a car because she feared delivery of her baby was imminent and she had no other means of transportation, she may use the defense of:

necessity.

Which is not considered an element of procedural law?

The self-defense doctrine

The Great Depression refocused interest in justice reform. T or F?

False

One criticism of private policing is that it could eventually replace government. T or F?

True

Immigration and Customs Enforcement is part of the Department of Homeland Security. T or F?

True

The basic mission for which the police exist, according to Sir Robert Peel, was to prevent crime and disorder. T or F?

True

The Metropolitan Police Act established the first organized police force in Boston. T or F?

False

Data mining recognizes geographic "hot spots" where a majority of predatory crimes are concentrated. T or F?

False

The U.S. Marshals work with law enforcement authorities at the federal, state, and local levels to apprehend felons. T or F?

True

Some states now permit the taking of DNA from arrestees. T or F?

True

Terrorism is a major focus of police agencies today. T or F?

True

The Metropolitan Police Act established the first organized police force in London. T or F?

True

The _____ position was created in 1326 in England under the watch system of policing to assist the shire reeve in controlling the county.

justice of the peace

Danny is surprised to learn that DNA evidence collected at local crime scenes in his jurisdiction is sent to a federal database titled "Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)." Which federal agency maintains this database?

FBI

13. The defining event that helped shape police reforms in the 1990s was the:

beating of Rodney King.

_________ is an example of soft technology used in law enforcement.

Sex offender registration

The _______ enforces the Gun Control Act of 1968 and the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970.

ATF

________ in early English society required that every person in a village be responsible for protecting the settlement from thieves.

The pledge system

___________ enables the police to target and direct resources to geographic hot spots of predatory crime.

Crime mapping

In the 1990s police departments began to embrace new forms of policing that stressed cooperation with the community and problem solving; this is referred to as the _________ model.

community policing

Known as the ________ system in medieval England, these people were grouped in collectives of 10 families.

pledge

The role of ______ law enforcement evolved from that of the early English shire reeve, whose primary duty was to assist the royal judges in trying prisoners and enforcing sentences.

county

Police reformer August Vollmer contributed to police professionalism by:

instituting university training for young officers.

In promoting personnel, most police departments follow the time-in-rank system. T or F?

True

The core of problem-oriented policing is a proactive approach to law enforcement. T or F?

True

Studies have found that foot patrols are effective at reducing crime. T or F?

True

Police departments may reduce costs by hiring civilians to conduct administrative support duties. T or F?

True

Fusion centers provide the means for community input. T or F?

True

Operation Ceasefire was a successful problem-oriented policing case study aimed at curbing youth gang homicides in Boston

True

In police organizations, the police officer is found around the midway point in terms of rank. T or F?

False