study me- PSY340

Amenorrhea

absence of menstruation

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

Binge

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

Binge-Eating Disorder

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

Binge-Purge Syndrome

Eating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by periods of fasting or self-induced vomiting

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Enmeshed Family Pattern

A family system in which members are over involved with each other's affairs and over concerned about each other's welfare

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

The part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating

Motivational Interviewing

a collaborative, person-centered form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for change

Multidimensional Risk Perspective

A theory that identifies several kinds of risk factors that are thought to combine to help cause a disorder. The more factors present, the greater the risk of developing the disorder

Weight Set Point

The particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain

Compensatory Behaviors

In eating disorders, those behaviors intended to avoid gaining weight from ingesting food. Examples are purging, forced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercising

Exposure and Response Prevention

A behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts. Also called exposure and ritual prevention

Alcohol

A drug/substance that can affect our bodies and minds, drinking it can cause you to lose moto abilities

Alcoholic Anonymous (AA)

Offer peer support along with moral and spiritual guidelines

Amphetamine

Laboratory-manufactured stimulant drugs. Became popular among people trying to lose weight or stay awake. Most often taken in pill or capsule form. Can increase energy and alertness and reduce appetite in small dosages. In high doses it can produce a rush, intoxication, and psychosis. Increases the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin throughout the brain.

Aversion Therapy

Based on clinical conditioning. Clients are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking a drug.

Barbiturates

A sedative-hypnotic (anxiolytic) drug which was widely prescribed for the first half of the twentieth century. Enhances activity of GABA, is addictive, and caused many people to die of overdose in the 1970's.

Benzodiazepines

A sedative-hypnotic (anxiolytic) drug which was sager and less likely to lead to intoxication, tolerance effects, and withdrawal reactions. It increases GABA activity and binds to GABA receptors. In high doses it can cause intoxication and lead to sedative hypnotic use disorder.

Caffeine

A drug/ substance that can affect our bodies or minds, drinking it can enhance productivity and alertness.

Cannabis Drugs

Produced from varieties of hemp plants in which potency varies. One major active ingredient, more of this causes more psychological effects. When smokes the individual experiences a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects.

Cocaine

The most powerful known natural stimulant. Can be snorted, injected, or smoked. Produces a euphoric rush of well-being and confidence. Increases the supply of dopamine at key neurons throughout the brain as well as norepinephrine and serotonin levels.

Detoxification

Systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug

Endophins

Natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

Hallucinogen

Produce powerful changes primarily in sensory perceptions (trips). Strengthening normal perception and inducing hallucinations.

Korsakoff's Syndrome

A lack of vitamin B can lead to this causing extreme confusion and memory loss with confabulation.

LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

Increase and altered sensory perception, psychological changes, and physical symptoms.

Methadone Maintenance Program

A treatment approach in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of methadone - a heroin substitute - to treat heroin-centered substance use disorder.

methamphetamine

Has had a recent surge in popularity. Most made in "stovetop laboratories" that expel dangerous fumes and residue. Can be smoked, snorted, injected, or orally ingested. Has serious negative effects on physical, mental, and social life. May cause neurotoxicity.

Morphine

Narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain

Naloxone

Used for the treatment of a known or suspected opioid overdose emergency with signs of breathing problems and severe sleepiness or not being able to respond.

Opioid

Opium or any of the drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, and codeine

Relapse-Prevention Training

A cognitive-behavioral approach to treating alcohol use disorder in which clients are taught to keep track of their drinking behavior, apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking, and plan ahead for risky situations and reactions.

Residential Treatment Center

People formerly dependent on drugs live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment while undergoing individual, group, and family therapies.

Reward Circuit

Pleasure pathway: VTA, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex.

Sedative-Hypnotic Drug

A drug used in low doses to reduce anxiety and in higher doses to help people sleep.

Substance Intoxication

A cluster of temporary undesirable behavioral or psychological changes that develop during or shortly after the ingestion of a substance

Substance Use Disorder

Long term maladaptive behavior patters and reactions caused by repeated substance use.

Synergistic Effect

More than one substance acting on the body at the same time.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

The main active ingredient of cannabis substances

Tolerance

Need for increasing doses of the substance to produce the desired effect.

Withdrawal

Unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms that occur when the person suddenly stops taking or cuts back on the substance.

Antipsychotic Drugs

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

Delusion

False beliefs

Dopamine Hypothesis

Certain neurons using dopamine fire too often, producing symptoms of schizophrenia

Flat Affect

Show almost no emotions at all

Hallucination

False sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Inappropriate Affect

Situationally unsuitable emotions, may sometimes be an emotional response to other disorder features

Loose Associations

Rapid shift from one topic to another

Negative Symptoms

Pathological deficits; characteristics that are lacking. Poverty of speech, blunt/flat affect, loss of volition, social withdrawal

Positive Symptoms

Excesses of, or additions to normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors

Psychosis

State in which a person loses contact with reality

Schizophrenia

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

Schizophrenia Mother

A type of mother - supposedly cold, domineering, and uninterested in the needs of her children - who was once thought to cause schizophrenia in her child.

Second-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs

Atypical antipsychotic drugs

Cognitive Remediation

Focuses on improving learning and memory through repeated practice of basic skills.

Community Mental Health Center

A treatment facility that provides medication, psychotherapy, and emergency care for psychological problems and coordinates treatment in the community.

Deinstitutionalization

Moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home - or community - based settings.

Extrapyramidal Effects

A group of side effects from antipsychotic medication involving involuntary movements of different parts of the body.

Neuroleptic Drugs

Conventional antipsychotic drugs, so called because they often produce undesired effects similar to the symptoms of neurological disorders.

Tardive Dyskinesia

Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

Prodromal, Active, and Residual Phases

Beginning of deterioration.
Symptoms become apparent.
Return to prodromal-like levels.

Poverty of Speech

Reduction of quantity of speech or speech content.
May also say quite a bit but convey little meaning.

Parkinsonian Symptoms

At least half of patients on conventional antipsychotic drugs have muscle tremors and muscle rigidity at some point in their treatment - Result of medication-induced reductions of dopamine activity in striatum.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

Muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, and improper functioning of autonomic nervous system - 1% of patients, particularly elderly.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

(Psychopaths, sociopaths) Persistently disregarded and violate other' rights.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Characterized by instability, including major shifts in mood, unstable self-image, and impulsivity.

Dependent Personality Disorder

Individuals have a persuasive excessive need to be cared for.

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy

Includes both individual therapy sessions (featuring cognitive-behavioral interventions) and group sessions (featuring social skill - building and support).

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Individuals are extremely emotional and continually seek to be the center of attention.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

People are generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control. Loss of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. Unreasonable high standards for self and others.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by deep distrust and suspicion of others.

Personality Disorder

An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs a person's sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy.

Personality Disorder - Trait Specified (PDTS)

Negative affectivity: experience negative emotions frequently and intensely. Detachment: Withdraw from other people and social interaction. Antagonism: Behave in ways that put them at odds with other people.
Disinhibition: Behave impulsively, without reflecting on potential future consequences. Psychoticism: Unusual and bizarre experiences.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships; little demonstration of emotions.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Characterized by a range of interpersonal problems, marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd (even bizarre) ways of thinking, and behavioral eccentricities.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Children who display ADHD have great difficulty attending to tasks, behave overactivity and and impulsively, or both.

Augmentative communication system

A method that uses "communication boards" or computers that use pictures, symbols, or written words, to represent objects or needs.

Autism spectrum disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Conduct disorder

A more severe problem, in which children repeatedly violate others' basic rights

Down Syndrome

The most common chromosomal disorder leading to intellectual disability.
Most common chromosomal abnormalities is trisomy 21

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A group of birth defects caused by the effects of alcohol on an unborn child

Intellectual disability (ID)

People should receive a diagnosis of ID when they display general intellectual functioning that is well below average, in combination with poor adaptive behavior.
Must have difficulty in such areas as communication, home-living, self-direction, work, or safety.

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100

Joint attention

sharing focus with other people

Oppositional defiant disorder

Children with this disorder are repeatedly argumentative and defiant, angry and irritable, and, in some cases, vindictive

Parent management training

Combination of family and cognitive-behavioral interventions to help improve family functioning and help parents deal with children more effectively

Selective mutism

Children consistently fail to speak in certain social situations, but show no difficulty at all speaking in others

Separation anxiety disorder

Displayed by 4-10 percent of all children.
Extreme anxiety, often panic, whenever they are separated from home or a parent.

Theory of mind

An awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states

Outline a treatment plan for someone experiencing anorexia that includes the two main goals of treatment, the short-term and long-term treatment objectives, and the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Outline a treatment plan for someone experiencing anorexia that includes the two main goals of treatment, the short-term and long-term treatment objectives, and the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Episodes of overeating followed by vomiting characterize the eating disorder termed \_______, or binge-purge syndrome.

bulimia

A therapist exposes a patient with bulimia to a binge-inducing stimulus and then prevents binge eating. This therapy approach is called \_______.

exposure and response prevention

A college-aged woman with a history of dieting has significantly reduced her food intake. She views her constant hunger pains as a positive sign that she is maintaining control over her eating. Her weight has dropped sharply below average, but she still thinks she is overweight. You suspect possible anorexia nervosa. Which other sign or symptoms would be present with anorexia nervosa?

A fear of becoming overweight

Compared with people with anorexia nervosa, MOST people with bulimia:

Are of a more normal weight

According to Hilde Bruch, which is an example of ineffective parenting that could make children prone to eating disorders?

Parents feed anxious children and comfort tired ones