Anthro 1210-Midterm 2

What was Gregor Mendel's primary discovery?

Discovered how hereditary works, units of hereditary (genes)

Hereditary

genetic factors and therefore able to be passed on from parents to their offspring or descendants

What is an Allele?

The different forms a gene can take, a pair of allele for each trait.

Difference between dominant and recessive allele?

Dominant: Trait always expressed
Recessive: Trait always suppressed when a dominant trait is present

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype: Underlying genetic makeup
Phenotype: How genetic makeup is expressed like physical appearance

What mechanisms are in place to ensure that each reproductive cell is different from another?

Genetic recombination, meiosis

What mechanisms create variation between parents and offspring?

Offspring receive 1n from each parent, then undergo genetic recombination

What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?

Meiosis: Gametes, two stages, 2n-> 1n, 4 genetically identical daughter cells
Mitosis: Autosomal cell, one stage, 1n, 2 genetically identical daughter cells

What is a nitrogenous base?

Bases: Components that combine together to create the chain of DNA

Bases for DNA and RNA?

DNA: A,T,C,G
RNA: A, U, C, G

What are the 4 forces of evolution?

Mutation, Genetic flow, Genetic Drift, Natural Selection

Mutation

A change in DNA sequence which produces new genetic material (neutral-drastic, new genetic var.)

Genetic Drift

Change of frequency of allele as a result of random sampling from generation to generation (small pop effect, loss of genetic var.)

Gene Flow

Movement from genes from one species to another (1+ population, decreases genetic variation between groups)

Natural Selection

Selecting for most successful traits to survival of species

Mendel's Laws

Segregation and Independent Assortment

Segregation

Units occur in pairs for each traits, inherited one from each parent

Independent Assortment

Units for each traits operate independently

Hugo DeVries

Rediscovered Mendel's laws, contributed concept of genes and mutation

Genome

An organisms genetic makeup

mRNA

Copies DNA code for protein synthesis(transcription), carries genetic message from nucleus to ribosomes(translation)

DNA

Long double stranded, deoxyribose, T,G,C,A

RNA

Short single stranded, U,G,C,A

Protein Synthesis

1. Code to mRNA 2. mRNA from nucleus to ribosome 3. tRNA brings amino acid codons to ribosome 4. mRNA translated into new protein and leaves ribosome

Monogenetic Traits

ABO

Pleiotropic traits

Phenylkenonuria, Marfan syndrome

Polygenetic traits

skin tone, adult height

Founder effect

occurs when small group of founders, break off into a separate foundation

Hybridization

creation of viable offspring from interbreeding of two different species

Types of Natural Selection

Directional, Normal/Stabilizing, Balancing, Disruptive/Diversifying

Directional

Selection towards one extreme in the trait frequency distribution

Normalizing/Stabilizing

Selection towards the average (against both extremes in distribution)

Balancing

The retention of a negative allele in heterozygous form because it confers some selective advantage

Disruptive/Diversifying

Selection against the average

Developmental plasticity

physiological responses to environmental pressures during growth and development (irreversible)

acclimatization

reversible physiological responses to environmental pressures

Bergmann's Rule

populations in cooler areas will tend to be larger in size than populations in warmer areas

Allen's Rule

Extremities will be shorter for populations in cooler areas while warmer areas have longer extremities

Thompson's Rule

populations in warmer humid environments will tend to have wider and shorter noses than in cold environments with taller narrower noses

Rickets

softening of bones in childhood due to vitamin D deficiency

Melanin

skin pigmentation molecule that acts as a natural suncreen

High altitude adaptions

heart rate and hyperventilation, capillary network and cell changes

Lactase deficiency

losing the ability to produce lactase to be able to digest milk

Lactase Biological change

lactase persistence

Lactase Culture Change

Adapting milk into something digestible like yogurt or cheese

Zoonotic disease

diseases of non-human animal origin

Endemic

a situation in which a disease is maintained in circulation at low and relatively constant levels in a population

Epidemic

a situation in which disease incidence increases rapidly in a population

Pandemic

an epidemic that is spread across a larger geographic areas

Virgin soil epidemic

outbreak of infectious disease in a population with no prior immunity, high rates of infection across all demographics

1918 Influenza

500 million infected, killed 20-100 million, life expectancy dropped by 12 years

Sickle cell anemia

genetic condition resulting in abnormality of the red blood, results in sickle shape, cannot carry oxygen easily

What is the connection between sickle cell and malaria

malaria causes an infection in the red blood cell, rbc that are sickle are less likely to carry malaria so when malaria is at high rates, sickle cell is at high rates to try and combat the malaria

Thrifty Genotype Theory

(James Neel) proposes Type II diabetes in Indigenous peoples on the genetic basis that was selected by feast-famine population histories

Thrifty Phenotype Theory

(David Barker) Early life experiences shaped individual phenotype, resulting in later life negative health repercussions (developmental plasticity)

Why do we use racial categories ?

Self-identity and Ethnocentrism

Protozoa infection

results in tissue damage leading to disease

viral infection

infection by a virus that is pathogenic to humans, invade healthy cell and then replicate

bacterial infection

bacteria enters body, multiply and then cause a reaction

Biological fallacy of Race

There is no scientific basis to the belief of genetically determined "superiority" of one population over another

omnivorous

consuming a range of different foods (incisors ,canines ,premolars and molars)

prehensile

grasping hands and feet (most) and tails (some)

Opposable

movement away from the rest of the digits

stereoscopic vision

forward-facing eyes allowing for depth perception

Primate Physical Traits

Warm-blooded, reduced litter size with extended dependency, sociability, rotating forearm, grasping hands and feet, larger brain, forward facing eyes

quadrupedal

walking on four legs (equal limb length)

Suspensory

swinging with arms (longer upper limbs)

Clinging and leaping

cling to tree branches and leap (adaptations to lower limbs)

bipedalism

the bodily attribute of being bipedal; having two feet

Gummivore

eating tree sap

Folivore

leaf eaters

Granivore

Seed eaters

polyandry

more male to female ratio

polygyny

more female to male ratio

Fission-fussion

groups coming together to form a big group then breaking apart

Cathemeral

Not nocturnal or diurnal move between times

prosimian

before monkey

strepsirhini

inward turned nose, wet-nosed primates

haplorhini

simple nosed, dry-nosed, lacks rhinarium

primitive traits (Strepsirhini)

dependency on smell, mobile ears and whiskers, less facial expression

Derived traits (Strepsirhini)

stereoscopic vision, grasping hands, enlarged visual centres

Lemur-like Forms (lemurs, indris, aye-aye, mouse lemur)

Madagascar and Comoro Islands, mouse-1.2 m long, quadrupeds, clingers and leapers, (fruit, leaves, bark, flowers), variable groups, all activity, (single, twins, triplets)

Lorises

Sub-sarharan Africa and southern india, slow arboreal quadrupeds, (frugivores, Gummivore, insectivores), variable activity, nocturnal, (single or twins)

Galagos (Bushbabies)

Sub-sarharan africa, Arboreal quadrupeds, clingers and leapers, (frugivores, gummivores, insectivores), Noyau but some groups, nocturnal (single, twins, triplets)

Tarsiers

Philippines/Indonesia, nocturnal, clingers and leapers, insectivores, single

Platyrrhines

New World Monkeys

Catarrhines

Old World Monkeys and Apes(hominins)

Platyrrhine

Flat-nosed, 3 premolars, prehensile tail, arboreal

Marmosets and Tamarins

small, claws not nails, twins, monogamy and polyandry, (frugivore, gummivore, insectivore)

Cebids

larger, nails, single offspring, male-female up to 50, variable diets

Catarrhini

narrow-nosed monkey and apes, 2 premolars, no prehensile tail

Hominoidea (apes and humans)

Hylobatidae-Lesser apes, Hominidae-Great apes and hominins

Y-5 pattern

pattern of cusps in lower 1st molar forming, hominoids

bilophodont

four molar cusps forming two parallel ridges, catarrhines

diastema

a gap or vacant space between two teeth, great apes

Gibbons and Siamangs

southeast Asia, frugivores, brachiators, small families, little sexual dimorphism, highly territorial

Orangutans (pongo)

Borneo and Sumatra, sexually dimorphic, frugivores, arboreal, solitary

Gorillas

Africa(Congo, Uganda, Rwanda), Vegetarian diet, knuckle-walking, sexually dimorphic, one dominant male

Types of observation

Experimental and Natural

Sampling strategies

Focal animal follows and scan sampling