PHYL141 fall unit 1 review

anatomy

study of the structure of the human body

physiology

study of the function of the human body

homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment

gross anatomy

study of structures visible to the naked eye

surface anatomy

study of the external features of the body

systemic anatomy

study of the body's organ systems

cytology

study of cells

histology

study of tissues

pathology

study of diseases

embryology

study of the development of embryos

organ systems

groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions

negative feedback

a mechanism that reverses a change in the body's internal environment

positive feedback

a mechanism that amplifies a change in the body's internal environment

receptor

a sensory organ that detects changes in the body's internal environment

control center

a part of the body that processes information from receptors and sends signals to effectors

effector

a part of the body that carries out a response to a change in the internal environment

anatomical landmarks

medical names for specific body parts

abdominal quadrants

four divisions of the abdomen used to locate organs

abdominal regions

nine divisions of the abdomen used to locate organs

anatomical directions

terms used to describe the location of body parts

coronal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back halves

sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves

midsagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

transverse plane

a horizontal plane that divides the body into top and bottom halves

ventral body cavities

body cavities located on the front side of the body

dorsal body cavities

body cavities located on the back side of the body

thoracic cavity

body cavity that contains the heart and lungs

pleural cavity

body cavity that contains the lungs

pericardial cavity

body cavity that contains the heart

abdominopelvic cavity

body cavity that contains the abdominal and pelvic organs

abdominal cavity

body cavity that contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs

peritoneal cavity

body cavity that contains the abdominal organs

pelvic cavity

body cavity that contains the bladder, uterus, and other reproductive organs

atoms

the smallest unit of matter

elements

substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

compounds

substances made up of two or more elements

molecules

two or more atoms bonded together

protons

positively charged particles in an atom

neutrons

particles in an atom with no charge

electrons

negatively charged particles in an atom

atomic number

the number of protons in an atom

isotope

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

ion

an atom with a positive or negative charge

atomic weight

the average mass of an atom

ionic bond

a bond formed between two ions with opposite charges

covalent bond

a bond formed by sharing electrons

non-polar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally

polar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally

hydrogen bond

a weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom

synthesis reaction

a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new substance

decomposition reaction

a reaction in which a single substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances

exchange reaction

a reaction in which parts of two different molecules trade places

reversible reaction

a reaction that can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions

products

the substances formed in a chemical reaction

reactants

the substances that participate in a chemical reaction

catalyst

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed

enzyme

a biological catalyst

activation energy

the energy required to start a chemical reaction

exergonic

a reaction that releases energy

endergonic

a reaction that requires energy

water

a chemical compound made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

solute

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent

solvent

a substance that dissolves other substances

solution

a mixture of solute and solvent

hydrophobicity

the property of repelling water

hydrophilicity

the property of attracting water

acid

a substance that releases hydrogen ions in water

acidic

having a pH less than 7

base

a substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water

basic/alkaline

having a pH greater than 7

pH

a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

neutral

having a pH of 7

salt

a compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base

buffer

a substance that resists changes in pH

organic compound

a compound that contains carbon

inorganic compound

a compound that does not contain carbon

monomer

a small molecule that can join together with other molecules to form a polymer

polymer

a large molecule made up of repeating subunits

carbohydrates

organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

monosaccharide

a single sugar molecule

disaccharide

a sugar molecule made up of two monosaccharides

polysaccharide

a sugar molecule made up of many monosaccharides

lipids

organic compounds that are insoluble in water

fatty acids

building blocks of lipids

glycerides

lipids that contain glycerol and fatty acids

steroids

lipids that have a ring structure

phospholipids

lipids that have a phosphate group

glycolipids

lipids that have a carbohydrate group

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

proteins

large molecules made up of amino acids

peptide bonds

bonds that join amino acids together

primary structure

the sequence of amino acids in a protein

secondary structure

the folding of a protein into alpha helices or beta sheets

tertiary structure

the overall three-dimensional shape of a protein

quaternary structure

the arrangement of multiple protein subunits

nucleic acids

large molecules made up of nucleotides

DNA

a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information

RNA

a nucleic acid that helps in protein synthesis

nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids

ATP

a molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular processes