psy 334 exam 4

relational and domestic work

much of the work women do is unpaid and not considered as real work, housework and childcare

unpaid work

is often undervalued both within and outside the family

couples who balance emotional work

are more satisfied with their marriage

status-enhancing work

wives serve as unofficial contributors to husbands, often unpaid despite workload, example of political wives

women who achieve through their husbands

are vulnerable

___ of american women are in the paid workforce

60%

occupational segregation

the different distribution of men and women in employment

horizontal segregation

the tendency for men and women to have different jobs

vertical segregation

the tendency for men to hold higher positions of power and for women to be at the bottom of the hierarchy within occupations

glass ceiling

pervasive phenomenon of women being blocked from advancement, can be promoted up to a barrier point

women’s work as natural

expected to be seen as more caring even in corporate positions

women and covid

\-made up a majority of frontline workers

\-women of color most likely affected

\-54% of job losses but only 39% of global employment

the wage gap

\-women earn less than men

\-average of 77 cents per $1

\-female graduates will earn 1.2 million less in their lifetime than male graduates

\-wage gap varies across diverse groups and is higher in other nations

human capital theory

\-one’s income is directly related to the extent of which they can build human capital

\-women seek undemanding roles with less investment so this justifies their lower compensation

\-this is a flawed theory to explain the wage gap

evaluating women in the workplace

\-bias against women is strong in science fields

\-men and women are evaluated differently even when all other factors are identical

\-bias is often implicit and likely due to bias regarding stereotypes

discrimination in the workplace

\-civil rights act of 1964 ruled sex discrimination in employment illegal

\-employers prefer women for feminine jobs, and men for masculine ones

\-discrimination in promotion due to competent women threatening the gender hierarchy

token women in employment

\-member of the group that is less than 15% of larger group

\-the odd one out, often a minority

\-feels a lot of performance pressure

\-isolated and stereotyped

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glass escalator effect

men in female dominated occupations fare better and advance more quickly

mentors

people who take an interest in a new member of the group and coach and assist them in career development

role models

members of one’s own reference group who are visibly successful

women and role models/mentors

more difficulty to finding someone to look up to in the workplace

old boy network

informal male networks within organizations that look out for each other’s interests

gender consciousness

a person’s readiness to recognize how sex differences and privilege are deeply embedded into society

stereotypes of leaders

are more similar to stereotypes of men than women

any advantage women have in leadership

may be offset by the resistance of men in power to accepting a woman leader

quid pro quo harassment

unwanted sexual advances/behavior is a condition of employment, will be fired if don’t comply

hostile work environment

obscene remarks, demeaning jokes, suggestive comments and other speech and conduct that fosters an hostile workplace and negatively impacts job performance

____ of women have experienced workplace sexual harassment

38%

risks for sexual harassment in workplace

young, single, minority women in male dominated workplace

sex role spillover theory

harassment occurs when a women’s gender is more salient than her position as a worker, seen by men as a sex object

abuse of power theory

harassment occurs since men have more informal power and can misuse it

male dominance theory

harassment occurs because men are socialized to be sexual persistent and get what they want

consequences of harassment

\-productivity decrease since women detach from work and organization

\-commitment issues with employment since struggle to cope with hostile work environment

\-psychological effects of guilt, self-doubt, anxiety

organizational climate

\-sexual harassment is not inevitable

\-educate employees on the problem, put systems in place to address the issue and support victims

\-protect women when they report, harassment will not be tolerated

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achievement motivation

desire to accomplish something important and valuable and to meet high standards of excellence

expectancy x value model

individuals’ choice, persistence, and performance can be explained by their beliefs and expectancies and the extent to which they value the activity

high achieving women

\-presence of same-sex role models in profession

\-upbringing of enriched view of women’s capabilities

\-later marriage, few or no children

\-working moms and supportive fathers

retrospective reaserch

participants look back at factors influencing them at an earlier time, show us what successful women tend to share

women who achieve career success

often forge their own independent pathways

role conflict

psychological effects of being faced with incompatible demands of work and family roles

roles overload

difficulties of meeting incompatible role expectations

benefits of finding a balance

\-better mental and physical health, child development, relationships, well-being

\-jobs as a source of self esteem and involvement

\-reduces financial pressure

structural level approach

the system, not the individual, must change for a difference to be made in levels of equality in the workplace

violence against women

is bound to the social context of male domination and control

estimated that 35% of women experience

physical or sexual violence in their lifetime

gender system and violence

\-gender-linked violence is often overlooked, justified, or condoned

\-the threat of violence is an important aspect for women

\-seen as a culturally useful way of controlling women

rape prone societies

occurrence of rape is high and linked with expressions of masculinity and is an acceptable tool to control and punish women

rape free societies

low occurrences of rape, balance between men and women is relatively equal, respect women

honor based violence

any form of violence directed at women as a result of patriarchal family and social values that tie honor to the regulation and control of women’s sexuality

when men’s honor is tainted

restored through killing the woman

laws reduce of eliminate punishment

for men who honor kill their wives

honor rapes as a tool of war

\-shame the tribe, clan, or ethnic group

\-women who wanted treatment could be thrown in jail for having sex outside of marriage

\-only recently has rape become a war crime

sex trafficking

involves the use of force, coercion, or fraud to control a woman for the purpose of engaging in commercial sex acts against her will

source countries of trafficking

underdeveloped, gender inequalities in material resources exist

destination countries of trafficking

generally affluent countries, women enslaved in brothels or constrained to prostitution

sex trafficking takes place

\-in almost every country

\-forced sexual exploitation is 2/3 of forced labor worldwide

\-profits of approx $99 million

efforts to eliminate trafficking

\-anti-trafficking legislation

\-educational programs for communities at risk

\-rescue, shelter, and medical care for survivors

\-prosecution of traffickers

gender violence and language

violence against women is often written in a passive voice and deflects attention away from the perpetrator

gender violence as entertainment

\-majority of media contains violence

\-portrayed as trivial, funny, or justified

\-desensitizes people to real violence

\-players of video games actively participate in violence

pornography

material that combines sexual themes with violence, dehumanization, degradation, or abuse

erotica

sexual material without themes of violence

opponents view pronography

as violence against women, reduces women to sex objects

proponents of pronography

sexual freedom as important, censor porn could lead to censoring women

research finds a significant positive relationship

between men’s use of pornography and attitudes supporting violence against women

sexting

\-sending sexually explicit messages or pictures/videos via text or email

\-became increasingly common among teens

\-can be easily forwarded to a larger audience than intended

\-can be posted elsewhere as a from as nonconsensual pornography

laws against nonconsensual pornography

\-in 2013 only 3 states had laws against

\-2016, 34 states have revenge porn laws

\-intimate privacy protection act recently introduced (revenge porn punishable by 5 years in prison)

child sexual abuse

\-8.6% of suspected abuse reports involve a child

\-25% of women have experience sexual abuse during childhood, likely by someone they knew and trusted

\-family members and acquaintances are about 93% of child rapes

\-abuse negatively impacts child’s emotional, cognitive, and social development

child abuse prevention

\-programs that teach kids about unwanted touching

\-places the responsibility of prevention largely on the child

\-child abuse prevention association hotline and counseling services

intimate partner violence

\-physical aggression that occurs in a relationship

\-often current or previous male partners

\

dating violence

\-exerting control in a relationship and sexual encounters

\-rates similar for men and women, about 1/3

violence motives for women

losing control, self-defense

violence motives for men

staying in control of relationship, intimidate and frighten partner

stalking

\-repeated and unwanted harassing behaviors where the victim feels threatened or scared

\-80% involve former partners

unwanted pursuit behaviors

stalking behaviors when relationship motives are present

cyberstalking

repeated and unwanted pursuit behaviors that take place virtually

rape

defined as unwanted sexual penetration obtained through force or threat and without consent

rape myths

widely held false beliefs about rape and rapists

sexual assault or coercion

unwanted sexual contact, groping or fondling, etc.

\

acquaintance rape

sexual assault by dating partner or someone known to the victim

labeling rape

\-some argue that it’s important to label sexual incidents as rape because it won’t be recognized as a reportable crime without the label

\-some say it’s important to let the women chose how to label the incident since it may be part of coping with it

rape culture

rape is prevalent, sexual violence against women is normalized, women are blamed for victimization

domestic violence

\-abuse by partner is one of the most frequent causes of physical injury for women across cultures

\-lifetime prevalence for women is 31.5%

\-physical violence is almost always accompanied with psychological abuse

patriarchal terrorism

a pattern of severe, escalating male violence where women rarely fight back and almost never initiate aggression, the male feels he owns his woman and is entitled to control her

common couples violence

gender-neutral violence between couples

why doesn’t she leave?

\-practical reasons such as no place to go, no job, no car

\-issues regarding children and their custody and safety

\-attempts to leave result in more violence

abuse is cyclical

period of increased tension, violent episode, loving phase

battered women’s syndrome

form of PTSD where a woman feels useless, responsible for abuse, and unable to take action on her behalf

battered women’s movement

international movement to educate people on domestic violence, reform the legal system, and provide aid to victims

battered women’s shelters

refuges where women can find temporary safety, emotional support, legal resources, and counseling

interventions on the perpetrators’ side

bystander interventions, run by men for men are successful

elder abuse

violence against elderly, more often borne by women, old people are reluctant to complain because could lose home, encourages secrecy

making a difference

\-intervention strategies to prevent, reduce, or eliminate gender violence

\-women’s rights as human rights

\-voting for candidates that support women and can implement change

\-avoid perpetuating rape myths

abnormal can be defined by

statistical probability, but it’s also socially constructed

mid 19th century nervous disorders among upper middle class women

hysteria, neurasthenia

hysteria

seizures, paralysis, loss of sensation, sensation of choking

neurasthenia

variety of symptoms like hysteria, headaches, vertigo, depression

cruel psychiatric treatments for hysteria

removing ovaries, shocking the uterus, hot water injections into vagina, clitoral cauterization

rest cure

involved months of confinement to bed with no activities, not even a book to read

freud and hysteria

believed women developed specific feminine personality characteristics because of their inferior genitalia, including masochism

tranquilizers and benzodiazepines are prescribed

more to women than men