life in the sea- FINAL

chordates, fishes, sharks, pinnipedias, fisspedias, cetaceams, marine reptiles, florida sea turtles

chordates characteristics

1. notochord
2. dorsal hollow nerve chord
3. pharyngeal slits
4. cephalization

Two invertebrate subphyla

Urochordata and Cephalochordata

Urochordata

tunicates

Cephalochordate

lancelets (shows all chordate characteristics)

Subphylum Urochordata class

Class Ascidiacea

Class Ascidiacea

ascidians, tunicates or sea squirtst

tunicates

as larvae shows all chordate characteristics

Tunicate buccal siphon

incurrent siphon

Tunicate atrial siphon

outcurrent siphon

Tunicate endostyle

longitudinal ciliated groove on central wall which provides mucus

Tunicate tunic

outer covering that protects animal predators.

fishes are

the most diverse group of vertebrates

Agnatha

jawless fish
SEA LAMPREY
HAGFISH

Gnathostomata

jawed fished

superclasses under Gnathostomata

Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes

class Chondrichthyes

cartilaginous fishes

subclasses under Chondrichthyes

Elasmobranch and Holocephali

subclass Elasmobranch

sharks, skates, rays

Holocephali

chimaeras and are benthic

Class Osteichthyes

bony fishes

subclasses under Osteichthyes

Sarcopterygii and Acanthopterygii

Subclass Sarcopterygii

lung fishes

subclass Acanthopterygii

ray-finned fishes

Sea Lamprey

attaches to fish and are benthic and pelagic

hagfish

benthic fish who eat from the bottom of the sea

skate

can lay eggs

ray

gives live birth and has a stinging barb

lung fishes

only live in south America and Australia

coelacanths

rediscovered species and are primitive speciesb

pectoral fins

fins near the pecs

pelvic fins

fins under pectoral fins

lateral line

functions to detect vibrations and water movement and allows fish to orientate themselves in a water current, gain information about their environment and plays a role in schooling

anal fin

fin near anal area

caudal fin

largest swimming fin

caudal peduncle

area between caudal fin and dorsal fin

dorsal fin

fin from every jaw movie (2)

Acousticolateralis system

picks up outside energy

swim bladder

allows fish to maintain neutral buoyancy
fish can adjust level of gas inside bladder

fish protection

1. has a slime coat which helps them as a protection

terminal head

known to pick food

superior head

bait fish polyp

inferior sub-terminal head

benthos type of food

primitive traits

lower pectoral fish and more interior pelvic fins, camera type eyes, post-anal tail

advanced form fish trait

example: jack fish fi

fish reproduction

1. male fish can spread sperm over eggs
2. Internal fertilization
3. can perform live birth and lay eggs

reproduction engagement

pairing, polyandry, polygyny

pairing

female and male reproduction

polyandry

one female and several males

polygyny

one male and multiple females

sex rehersal

protogynous and protandrous

protogynous

start out as females and can change to male

protandrous

start out as males and change to females

fish coloration

cryptic coloration and countershading

cryptic coloration

camouflage fish

countershading

light belly and darker top (seen in sharks)

dangerous fishes

biters, envenomators, pokers, slashers, electric fishes

biters

barracudas, bluefish and groupers

envenomators

scorpion fish, lion fish, stone fish, sting ray, catfish, leather jack, stargazers

pokers

swordfish, marlin, sailfish

slashers

sawfish, thresher shark

electric fishes

electric eel, electric bulls eye, ray

poisonous fish disease

ciguatera

clupotoxins

sardines

scrombrotoxins

king and Spanish mackerel

tetraodotoxins

puffer fish

smyrma beach

place with a high likelihood of shark attacks

Ampullae of Lorenzin

picks up earth's magnetic fields and allows navigation

shark hearing

1000 yards with low frequency and inner ear hearing

shark smell

100 yards.

shark vision

closer range vision, perceptive to visual cues in environment

Ampullae de Lorenzini

picks up electrical activity

touch receptors on shark's head

has many touch receptors which make them sensitive

why sharks attack humans

1. resembling prey
2. blood
3. turbid water with schools of fish

local species

carcharhinid shark, bull, blacktip, spinner sharks, tiger, great white

mammal charcteristics

warm blooded, breathe air with lungs, hair, reproduction (live birth and milk for young)

Suborder under Carnivora

Pinnipedia and Fissipedia

suborder under cetacea

Odontoceti and Mysticeti

families under pinnipedia

otariidae, phocidae, Odobenidae

families under Fissipedia

Mustelidae and Ursidae

orders under mammalia

Carnivora, Cetacea and Sirenia

Pinnipedia characteristics

webbed feet and lack paw pads

family otariidae characteristics

they have external ears and hind limbs are independent

family otariidae animals

eared seals, sea lions, for seals

family phocidae characteristics

true seals, hair is short and no under layer to keep warmth, no external ears

family phocidae animals

hair seals, harp seals, elephant sealf

family obodenidae characteristics

lack external ears, hind limbs are independent

Family Ursidia animal

bears

polar bear

worlds largest land predator, highly developed sense of smell

cetacea animals

whales, dolphins and pospoisess

suborder odontocetti animal

toothed whale, dolphin porpoises, narwhals, poliot whales sperm whale

sperm whale

largest toothed whale

suborder odontoceti characteristics

1 blowhole
echolocation
teeth

suborder mysteicetti animal

baleen or whalebone whales

suborder mysticetti characteristics

two bloeholes
baleen= fiburs carbohydrate feeling type of teeth

Order sirenia animals

manatees, dugong/ freshwater animals

orders under class reptilia

squamata, testudines, crocodylia

Order Squamata animals

sea snakes, marine iguanas

order testudines animal

turtles

order crocodylia animal

crocodiles

sea snakes and marine iguanas

organism native to Indian and pacific oceans