Unit 1 Week 1 OTD 719

Anatomical Position

Head, eyes, and toes directed anteriorly, arms adjacent to sides with palms facing anteriorly

Supine

Lying on back, facing upwards

Prone

Lying on abdomen, facing downward

Sagittal Plane

Right and left parts, movements rotate on the transverse/horizontal axis

Median Plane

Sagittal plane through the midlines of central structures

Paramedian or parasagittal

Parallel to sagittal planes to the median plane

Movements examples of sagittal plane

elbow, knee, hip flexion and extension

Bilateral

occurring on both sides

Unilateral

occurring on one side

Ipsilateral

occurring on the same side

contralateral

occurring on the opposite side

Axial Skeleton

Cranium, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs

Transverse/Horizontal plane

Superior and inferior, movements rotate on the vertical axis

Examples of transverse/horizontal plane movement

Trunk rotation, shoulder and hip internal and external rotation

Frontal/Coronal plane

anterior and posterior, movements rotate on sagittal axis

Examples of Frontal/coronal plane movement

Shoulder and hip abduction and adduction, trunk lateral flexion

Superior

nearer to the head

Inferior

nearer to the feet

Anterior (ventral)

Nearer to the front

Posterior (dorsal)

nearer to the back

Proximal

nearer to the trunk or point of origin

Distal

farther from the trunk or point of origin

medial

nearer to the median plane

lateral

farther from the median plane

Superficial

nearer to the surface

deep

farther from the surface

palmar surface

surface of the palm of the hand

dorsal surface

back of the hand or foot

plantar surface

The underside of the foot

pronation

palm downs

supination

palm returns to facing anterior or upward

Nervous system

enables body to sense, interpret, respond, interact, move, and facilitate internal functions within surrounding environment

Structural organization of CNS

Brain and spinal cord, integrates and coordinates incoming and outgoing signals, higher order mental functions

Structural organization of PNS

Cell bodies (ganglia), Nerves (cranial and spinal), connect periphery to the CNS; transmits signals to and from, signal transportation

Function organization of the Somatic Nervous System

Skeletal muscles and skin, voluntary and reflexive motor function, sensations from our surrounding environment

Functional Organization of Autonomic Nervous System

Smooth muscles, glands, viscera, Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions activate or inhibit function of body viscera, sensations from within the body viscera

Neurons

Structural and functional units of the nervous system

Dentrites

Extensions from the cell body

Cell body

message origin or arrival, sends and receives signals or “synapses” with other neurons

Axons

Message transport, myelinated or unmyelinated axons transports signals to and from cell bodies

Terminal Bulb

Synapses with another cell body or within wall of the innervated tissue/organ

Multipolar motor neurons

Most common to somatic motor efferent and autonomic nervous system neurons

Pseudounipolar Sensory Neurons

Most common to somatic sensory neurons

Efferent

signals going out

Afferent

signals coming in

Brain gray vs white matter

gray matter is superficial and white matter in deep

Spinal cord gray vs white matter

gray matter is deep and white matter is superficial

Cell bodies

located in gray matter of CNS or ganglia of PNS

Axons

located in the white matter of CNS, called tracts and are grouped together into fiber bundles forming peripheral nerves in PNS

Cerebrum

Right and left hemisphere, separated by longitudinal fissure

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Longitudinal Fissure

Cerebellum

posterior coronal fossa holds it

Dinecephalon

contains the thalamus and hypothalmus

Brianstem

contains midbrain, pons, medulla (comes through the foramen magnum)

1

Central Sulcus

2

Frontal Lobe

3

lateral sulcus

4

temporal lobe

5

parietal lobe

6

occipital lobe

Gyri

Elevated ridges of the brain

Sulci

Valleys of the brain

Central sulcus

separates the parietal lobe and frontal lobe

Lateral sulcus

intersects with central sulcus and separates temporal lobe with frontal and parietal

Integration centers of frontal lobe

pre-central gyrus and primary motor cortex

Integration centers of temporal lobe

superior temporal gyrus and auditory cortex

Integration centers of parietal lobe

Post-central gyrus and primary somatosensory cortex

Integration centers of occipital lobe

visual cortex

Broca’s area

Found in left lobe, language in the frontal lobe

Wernicke’s area

left lobe, language in the parietal lobe

effector organ

structure being innervated

Meninges

protect and enclose the brain and CNS structures within the surrounding bony skeleton

Cranial meninges

line inner surface of cranium and cover the brain and brainstem

Spinal meninges

line inside of the vertebral canal of consecutive vertebrae and cover the spinal cord

Layers of Mater

Dura (superficial), arachnoid, pia (deep)

Dura mater

Outermost and thickest layer of meninges

Arachnoid mater

deep to dura, thin, translucent and lays over the gryi and sulci, like “plastic wrap”

Pia mater

deepest layer of meninges and it is invested on the surface of the cortex, cannot be pulled away from brain tissue

Subdural space

deep to the dura mater and superficial to the arachnoid mater, allows for passage of cerebral veins to the venous sinuses for drainage

Subarachnoid space

deep to the arachnoid mater and superficial to the pia mater, CSF circulates in this space to provide cushion and nourishment to the brain tissue

Ventricles

four chambers within the structure of the brain

Choroid plexus

produces cerebral spinal fluid

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

creates a forward moving pressure for circulation, circulates in the subarachnoid space before emptying into the superior sagittal sinuses

Ventricles of the brain

Lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

Pathway of CSF

1. Lateral ventricles
2. Third ventricle
3. Cerebral aqueduct
4. Fourth ventricle

Falx cerebri

separates R/L cerebral hemispheres in the sagittal plane

Falx cerebelli

separates R/L cerebellar hemispheres in the sagittal plane

Tentorium cerebelli

within the transverse plane and separates superior paired cerebral hemispheres from the inferior paired cerebellar hemispheres inferiorly

Diaphragm sellae

lies in the transverse plane over the pituitary gland in the hypophyseal fossa

Dural venous sinus

Channel found between layers of the dura mater that receive blood from the veins of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space; exit the skull through the jugular foramen and empty into the internal jugular veins

Internal Jugular vein

return venous blood from the brain to the heart for re-oxygenation and circulation

Two pathways for blood supply to brain

anterior and posterior route

Circle of Willis

located at base of brain, a circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain, where the anterior and posterior supply are joined in an anastamosis

Anterior blood supply route to brain

Originates in the common carotid artery that branches directly off the aorta and ascends through the anterolateral neck. The internal carotid artery branch enters the base through the carotid canal

Posterior blood supply route to the brain

originates from the subclavian artery before they continue toward the upper limb. vertebral arteries then course through the transverse vertebral foramen of the cervical vertebrae and ender the cranium through the foramen magnum

Spinal cord

structure of the CNS where signals from the brain are sent out to the periphery or received from the periphery and sent up to the brain

Spinal cord afferent pathways

sensory input, travels from peripheral limbs, muscles organs and tissues to the spinal cord

spinal cord efferent pathways

motor output, travels to peripheral limbs, muscles, organs and tissues from the brainS

synapse

Signals transfer from one neuron to another in the spinal cord, gray matter is involved