Anatomy

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Organ System

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organism

A living thing

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

muscular system

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

cardiovascular system

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

lymphatic system

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.

respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

digestive system

Breaks down food into smaller molecules. Absorbs these nutrients into the body.

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

reproductive system

Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes)

Metabolism

the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials

Excretion

the process by which wastes are removed from the body

Irritability

ability to respond to a stimulus

Growth

the process of increasing in physical size.

negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

positive feedback system

strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Dorsal

back

Ventral

front

Superior

above; toward the head

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Medial

toward the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Saggital plane

divides the body into a right and left side

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

ventral body cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

dorsal body cavity

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

muscle

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

cardiac muscle tissue

specialized muscle tissue found only in the heart

involuntary

done without will or conscious control

voluntary

of your own free will or design

smooth muscle tissue

In the walls of internal organs; usually involuntarily controlled

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

neuron

nerve cell

inflamation

the body's response to injury or disease, resulting in a condition of swelling, pain, heat, and redness

epiphysis

End of a long bone

periosteum

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

epiphyseal plate

Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

yellow marrow

stores fat

red marrow

produces blood cells

osteocytes

mature bone cells

lacunae

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

lamellae

Concentric rings made up of groups of hollow tubes of bone matrix

cutaneous membrane

The skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers

mucous membrane

Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.

serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body

peritoneum

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs

pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart

integument

skin

keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

epidermis

Outer layer of skin

dermis

Inner layer of skin

hypodermis

loose connective tissue layer of skin below the dermis

stratum basale

deepest layer of epidermis

stratum spinosum

a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin

stratum granulosum

3rd layer of the epidermis

stratum lucidium

thin clear layer with dead cells in thick skin areas like hands and feet. lucid appearance cuz of keratohyalin

stratum corneum

outer layer of the epidermis

melanocytes

cells that produce melanin

papillary layer

outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis

dermal papillae

a fingerlike projection of the dermis that may contain blood capillaries or Meissner corpuscles (of touch)

reticular layer

Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients

collagen fibers

provides flexibility and strength

elastic fibers

Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

sebaceous glands

secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis

sweat glands

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.

sebum

oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands

sudoriferous glands

sweat glands

eccrine glands

glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body

apocrine glands

Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin

hair follicle

sac within which each hair grows

arrector pilli

small bands of smooth muscles that connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue, cause hair to stand on end when frightened or cold

nail

outgrowth of the skin, composed of keratin, at the end of each finger and toe

lunula

The half-moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of a nail

first degree burn

Superficial burns through only the epidermis.

second degree burn

A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis with edema and hyperemia of the tissues beneath the burn.

third degree burn

a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue

basal cell carcinoma

Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules.

SPF

sun protection factor

convection

The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid

radiation

Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.

conduction

The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.