ASCI 240 - Exam 3 Study Guide

the ___ is a network of tissues, cells, chemicals, and molecules associated with the primary functions of protecting the body against invasion

immune system

the ___ is the reaction of immune cells and fluids of the system to the presence of a substance which is recognized as non-self (self malfunction)

immune response

a ___ is a microorganism that is capable of causing a disease or initiates an immune response

pathogen

a ___ is anything that is not a natural aspect of the living system, including foreign substances, toxins, and host abnormalities

non-pathogen

the five types of pathogens are…

1. bacteria
2. viral
3. parasitic
4. fungi
5. yeast

non-pathogens exist in the form of…

foreign substances, toxins, and host abnormalities

the two types of immunity are ___ immunity and ___ immunity

innate; adaptive

the first line of defense (from the body’s innate immunity) prevents infection via ___ barriers, ___ secretions, ___ cells, ___, washing actions, bactericidal agents, ___ antagonism, and the normal bacterial ___ of the body

physical; antimicrobial; langerhans; mucus; microbial; flora

microbial antagonisms suppresses the growth of potential pathogens via ___ (nutrient competition)

competitive exclusion

the normal bacterial flora of the body is made up by the ___, ___, ___ cavity, and ___ tract

skin; GIT; nasal; urinary

the 2nd line of defense (from the body’s innate immunity) consists of the ___ system and ___ response

complement; cellular

the ___ is a rapid, highly amplified response that is made up of 20-30 plasma proteins. it is involved in homeostasis, the innate immune response, and the adaptive immune response

complement system

in the complement system, by-products are eliminated via ___, cells are destroyed, and the innate cellular response is ___

phagocytosis; enhanced

___ is the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes

phagocytosis

___ are a crucial mobile immune cell for the body’s immune defense (aka white blood cells)

leukocytes

leukocytes assist in the body’s immune defense against what types of infections? (6 answers)

bacterial, viral, toxins, parasites, tumors, and foreign bodies

the two types of leukocytes are…

granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes include… (3 answers)

neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

agranulocytes include… (2 answers)

monocytes and lymphocytes

___ are the most numerous type of leukocytes and are the primary leukocyte for the destruction of bacterial pathogens

neutrophils

neutrophils destruct bacterial pathogens by producing ___ (sodium chloride) and ___ (hydrogen peroxide), which serve as oxidizing substances that kill bacteria. this is known as ___

NaOCL; H2O2; respiratory burst

___ account for 2-4% of leukocytes and are the primary leukocyte that leads immune responses related to parasitic worm infections

eosinophils

___ (aka mast cells) are leukocytes that aid in the release of histamines

basophils

___ (aka macrophage) are leukocytes that function via process where monocytes engulf invading objects via phagocytosis (pac-man)

monocytes

the three types of lymphocytes (a leukocyte) that originate from hemocytoblasts of bone marrow are…

B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells

___ are lymphocytes that mature upon their release from bone marrow and are part of adaptive immunity

B cells

___ are lymphocytes that mature within the thymus and are identified as a cytotoxin lymphocyte

T cells

___ are lymphocytes that mature upon their release from bone marrow and are identified as a cytotoxin lymphocyte

natural killer cells

___ are involved in cell-mediated immunity

T cells

___ is the process of formation into large groups of lymphocytes to destroy foreign substances (antigens)

cell-mediated immunity

the three types of T Cells are ___ t cells, ___ t cells, and ___ t cells

cytotoxic; helper; memory

___ t cells are killer/destructive cells that bind to antigens and release sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide

cytotoxic

when released by a cytotoxic T cell, sodium hypochlorite destroys the ___ of bacteria

destroys

when released by a cytotoxic T cell, hydrogen peroxide causes ___ to migrate to the site of the wound

neutrophils

___ t cells are the most numerous/important type of T cells that enhance the activation of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells and help activate B cells to secrete antibodies

helper

___ t cells are long-living cells designed to maintain cell populations that will recognize previous antigens

memory

___ are lymphocytes that function as the humoral immunity (antibody-mediated) of the adaptive immune system by producing immunoglobulins (antibodies)

B cells

b cells are y-shaped proteins that have five primary functions. those functions are…

1. agglutination
2. opsonization
3. neutralization
4. antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
5. activation of complement system

there are 5 types of immunoglobulins. they are:

1. IgG
2. IgM
3. IgA
4. IgD
5. IgE

___ is the most abundant immunoglobin that triggers the complement system to protect against bacteria and viruses

IgG

___ is the largest of the immunoglobins and the first class of immunoglobins to appear in response to an infection

IgM

____ is a type of immunoglobin that functions to prevent pathogens from binding to the mucosal membrane

IgA

___ is a type of immunoglobin that functions as an antigen receptor and helps initiate the differentiation of B cells

IgD

___ is a type of immunoglobin that binds to basophils, causing the release of histamines and other chemicals that initiate an allergic response

IgE

in antibody function, ___ enhances phagocytosis and reduces the number of infectious units to be dealt with

aggltination

in antibody function, ___ is a coating antigen that enhances phagocytosis

opsonization

in antibody function, ___ blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to mucosa and blocks active sites of toxins

neutralization

in __, antibodies are attached to target cells that cause destruction by non-specific immune system cells. this activates/enhances the complement system

antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

in the immune response, ___ is determined based upon recognition of self molecules and/or components of cells of the body

self

___ is an immune response against self molecules

autoimmunity

in the immune response, ___ is determined based upon molecules and/or compounds of cells recognized as foreign

non-self

the immune response includes two types of pathways, known as ___ associated molecular pathways (PAMP) and ___ associated molecular pathways (DAMP)

pathogen; damage

the PAMP pathway is based upon the recognition of foreign ___

antigens

___ are molecules that can stimulate an immune response directed at specific molecules, including components of foreign cells and secretions/by-products of microorganisms

antigens

the DAMP pathway is based upon the recognition of ___ displayed by stressed, injured, and/or infected cells of the body

unique molecules

the DAMP pathway plays a role in the rejection of ___ due to the incompatibility of immune response (recognized as self, but also recognized as non-self)

organ transplants

there are two primary divisions of the immune response. these divisions are:

physical; innate

the body’s physical response to an infection includes components such as…

skin, hair, mucus, enzymes, gastric acids

the body’s innate response to an infection includes components such as…

inflammation, complement system, phagocytes, natural killer cells

a majority of ___ are produced within the liver

complement system proteins

there are multiple functions of complement system proteins, triggering an immune response to foreign ___, activating ___ activity, regulating ___ production, removing the immune complex and ___ cells, regulating self-tolerance of ___, ___ of adaptive immunity, and enhancing ___ metabolism

pathogens; pro-inflammatory; cytokine; dead; self-antigens; immunoregulation; lipid

T/F: complement system proteins inhibit pro-inflammatory activity

false

____ engulf and destroy foreign particles, bacteria, non-self cells, and dying/damaged self cells

phagocytes

the four primary types of phagocytes are…

1. neutrophils
2. monocytes
3. mast cells
4. dendritic cells

cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells ___ to a specific antigen and ___ a cytotoxic substance

bind; release

the ___ is an immune response which occurs after exposure to an antigen and is activated by the innate immune system

adaptive immune response

in the adaptive immune response characteristics, ___ determines the difference between self and non-self

discrimination

in the adaptive immune response characteristics, ___ generates enormous diversity of molecules

diversity

in the adaptive immune response characteristics, ___ directs against one specific pathogen or trillions of foreign substances

specificity

in the adaptive immune response characteristics, ___ responds to secondary exposure

memory

there are two main types of adaptive immunity. they are:

1. natural adaptive immunity
2. artificial adaptive immunity

natural adaptive immunity includes ___ adaptive immunity and ___ adaptive immunity

active; passive

___ adaptive immunity is specific immunity developed by the host following exposure

active

___ adaptive immunity is immunity that is transferred via antibodies from dam to offspring

passive

artificial adaptive immunity is acquired via intentional ___ to a foreign material

exposure

vaccines are an example of ___ adaptive immunity

artificial

___ is when antibodies from the previously infected host are transferred to a non-infected host

artificially acquired passive immunity

a ___ immune response is when specific cytotoxic cells (CTc and NK) and phagocytic cells detect and destroy infected or altered body cells

cell-mediated

T/F: an antibody mediated immune response is not the same thing as a humoral immune response

false

___ produce antibodies that bind to specific antigen particles in blood or interstitial fluid

B cells

the chemical weapons of the immune system are:

1. chemokines
2. acute phase proteins
3. cytokines
4. dendritic cells
5. cytotoxic immune cells

___ are signal proteins (small cytokines) secreted by specific cells that induce chemotaxis

chemokines

___ are a broad class of immunoproteins produced by hemocytes within the liver. they increase in response to inflammation, infection, stress, and trauma

acute phase proteins

T/F: acute phase proteins are both positive and negative

true

positive acute phase proteins ___ inflammation/fever, ___ cytokine production, ___ immune cells, initiate __*, __*___ growth of bacteria, and neutralize ___

stimulate; enhance; recruit; chemotaxis; destroy; toxins

T/F: positive acute phase proteins decrease cytokine production

false

____ provide a negative feedback to an inflammatory response by decreasing concentrations of positive acute phase proteins

negative acute phase proteins

albumin, transferrin, adiponectin, and antithrobmin are examples of ___

negative acute phase proteins

c-reactive protein is an ___

acute phase protein

serum amyloid A is an ___

acute phase protein

___ are relatively small proteins that are vital in the process of cell signaling for the immune, endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine systems

cytokines

cytokines alter the ___ of cells

behavior

the biological effect of cytokines is dependent upon the cytokine and the affected cell. cytokines can T and B cells, cause T cells to __ , initiate ___, and trigger ___

activate; divide; movement; apoptosis

there are two types of cytokines. they are:

interleukins and interferons

___ induce inflammation, activate natural killer cells, promote growth of B cells, and stimulate B cell antibody production

interleukins

___ activate and modulate the immune response

interferons

___ (TNF) is the regulation of the cellular aspects of the immune system, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis

tumor necrosis factors

TNF stimulates ___ via cellular chemotaxis products and vascular regulations (dilation/constriction)

inflammation

TNF-a is associated with…

inflammation and fever

___ are messenger cells between the innate and adaptive immune systems

dendritic cells