bio 1st qtr

pro and karyon

these words means “old” and “nucleus”

3.5 billion years old

how old is a prokaryotic cell?

glycocalyx, nucleoid, pilus, mesosome, flagellum, cell wall, fimbriae, inclusion/granules, ribosomes, cell membrane, endo

the generalized structure of a prokaryotic cell consists of the following

glycocalyx

This layer functions as a receptor, the adhesive also provides protection to the cell wall.

nucleoid

šIt is the location of the genetic material (DNA), large DNA molecule is condensed into a small packet.

pilus

šHair-like hollow attachment present on the surface of bacteria, and is used to transfer DNA to other cells during cell-cell adhesion.

mesosome

It is the extension of the cell membrane, unfolded into the cytoplasm their role is during cellular respiration.

flagellum

Helps in movement, attached to the basal body of the cell.

cell wall

šIt provides rigidity and support for the cell.

fimbriae

Helps in attachment to the surface and other bacteria while mating. These are small hair-like structures.

inclusion/granules

It helps in the storage of carbohydrates, glycogen, phosphate, and fats in the form of particles which can be used when needed.

ribosomes

Tiny particles that help in protein synthesis.

A thin layer of protein and lipids, surrounds cytoplasm and regulates the flow of materials inside and outside the cells.

endosphere

It helps cells survive during harsh conditions.

peptidoglycan

šit maintains cell shape, and protects the cell from extreme environmental conditions.

gram-positive

bacteria with thick cell walls (purple)

gram-negative

bacteria with thin cell walls (pink)

eu and karyon

these words mean “new” and “nucleus”

eukaryotic

found in algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, and animals and can be single-celled, colonial or multicellular

nucleus

šit helps in the production of protein synthesis and ribosomes. The chromosome is present inside the nucleus, which is surrounded by the nuclear envelope. It is a bi-lipid layer and controls the passage of ions and molecules.

cytoplasm

the location where other organelles are located and other metabolic activities of the cell also take place here.

mitochondria

‘the powerhouse of the cell,’ and is responsible for making ATP.

chloroplast

found in algae and plants; it is one of the most important organelles in the plant which helps in converting energy sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. They resemble mitochondria.

golgi body

It consists of a stack of many flattened, disc-shaped sacs known as cisternae.

lysosoome

The most important function of the Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus is the synthesis of Lysosomes helps in the digestion of intracellular molecules with the help of the enzyme called hydrolase.

vacuoles

šare the membrane-bound cavities containing fluid as well as solid materials, and they engulf materials through endocytosis.

endoplasmic reticulum

It transports lipids, proteins, and other materials through the cell.

appendages

Cilia and Flagella are locomotory attachments, which help in the movement of a cell towards positive stimuli.

cytoplasmic membrane/plasma membrane

is a thin semipermeable, surrounding the cytoplasm, it acts as the barrier of the cell which regulates entry and exit of the substances inside and outside the cell.

cytoskeleton

the supporting framework of the cells,

microtubules and microfilaments

two types of cytoskeleton

cell cycle

life cycle of a cell where it undergoes duplication and growth of cellular content, and division into new daughter cells

interphase and m-phase

two major phases of a cell cycle

interphase

the longest phase of the cell cycle process. It is also known as the resting phase. This is the phase where a cell prepares itself for cell division

g1 phase, s-phase, g2 phase

3 substages of interphase

g1 phase

The cell increases in size, protein synthesis also enables the cell to increase the amount of cytosol

s-phase

It is the longest and the most essential stage of interphase. Is the phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus

g2 phase

the final stage where the cell prepares itself for the cell division process, and also ensures that the DNA replica completes

cell cycle checkpoint

Verify whether all the cellular activities are accurately completed at each stage of inter phase

cell’s size, nutrients, dna integrity, molecular signals

parts of a g1 checkpoint

g0 phase

If the cell does not comply with the following factors, the cell cycle will stop and enter this phase called the resting state.

dna integrity and dna replication

parts of a g2 checkpoint

apoptosis

The process of programmed cell deat

metaphase

Also called Spindle Checkpoint. Occus at the metaphase stage of mitosis. It checks whether all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers and its alignment at the metaphase plate

m-phase

Also called mitotic phase. The second type stage of cell cycle where actual division cell into two identical daughter cell is occurs

tissue

a group of specialized cells and the intercellular substance around them that are adapted to work together in order to perform particular functions.

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, nervous tissue

types of tissues

epithelial tissue

¡made up of tightly packed cells commonly seen outside the body as coverings or as linings of organs and cavities.

cuboidal

Cube-shaped cells, it is for secretion.

simple columnar

¡brick-shaped cell; for secretion and active absorption

simple squamous

plate-like cells; for exchange of material through diffusion

stratified squamous

multilayered and regenerates quickly; for protection

pseudostratified columnar

single layer cells; for lining of respiratory tract; usually lined with cilia.

connective tissues

¡They are made up of fibrous cells.

blood

¡Plasma, Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), platelets. It is the only fluid connective tissue.

connective tissue proper

¡made up of loose connective tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons and ligaments (holds bones together and keeps them in place).

adipose tissue

example of loose connective tissue, stores fats which function to insulate the body and store energy.

cartilage

characterized by collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate. It functions as a cushion between bones.

chondrocytes

are the cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate.

bone

a mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts which deposit collagen. It is a hard-connective tissue that forms the framework of the body.

muscle tissue

composed of long cells called muscle fibers that allow the body to move voluntarily or involuntarily. 

skeletal

- striated in appearance; voluntary movements

cardiac

striated with intercalated disk for synchronized heart contraction; involuntary

smooth

not striated muscle with tapered ends; involuntary

nervous tissue

are composed of nerve cells called neurons and glial cells that function as support cells.

neurons

sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals throughout the animal body. They connect to other neurons to send signals.

dendrite

receives impulses from other neurons

axon

impulse is transmitted to other neurons

robert hooke

• English Philosopher and Architect

• coined the word “cell” after the latin word cellula, that means small room. (1665)

• He examined the thin slice of cork using his primitive compound microscope.

• a proponent of “spontaneous generation theory.

antonie van leeuwenhoek (1674)

• Father of microbiology

• Invented the simple microscope

• He observed freshwater protozoans which

• he named “animalcules” and the movement of sperm---”spermatozoon”

• He made a written description of bacteria.

theodore schwann and matthias schleiden

founder of the cell theory

• a german zoologist

• reproduced schleidens’ observations about plants in the tissues of animals and found out that all animal tissues are made of cells.

matthias schleiden

• german botanist

• noted that all plants are composed of cells in his book published in 1838

francois-vincent raspail

First coined the term “Omnis cellula e cellula, “ meaning all cells come from cells.

robert remak

the first German scientist to discover that the origin of cells is by the division of pre-existing cells.

rudolph virchow

theorized that all living cells come from pre-existing living cells. His conclusion arose from observing dividing cells while he was at work

nucleus

controls and regulates the activity of the cell

animal cell vacuole

small and help in removing waste products

plant cell vacuole

It stores water and other materials

golgi body

Packaging center of the cell

ribosomes

The main function is to make protein for the cell

lysosome

It helps break down or digest certain materials inside the cells

endoplasmic reticulum

The cell's transport network helps in the production and transport of proteins and lipids

rough endoplasmic reticulum

contains ribosomes and releases newly made proteins from the cell

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosome-free and functions in the detoxification of lipids

plasma membrane

It keeps the organelles inside and provides protection

mitochondria

produces energy necessary for the cell's survival and functioning

cytoplasm

provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell

centrioles

paired organelles found only in animal cells. They are essential in building cilia and flagella and also as spindle fiber during cell division.

chloroplast

It uses photosynthesis to turn sunlight into food

cell wall

gives definite shape and structural support