Political Science 2

Why did the Articles of Confederation fail?

Weak central gov’t; no power to tax, enforce laws, or regulate trade; required unanimous consent for amendments.

How did the Constitution fix problems of the Articles?

Created strong federal gov’t with taxing, trade, and enforcement powers; added executive/judicial branches; easier amendments.

What was the Great Compromise?

Combined Virginia & New Jersey Plans: bicameral Congress (House by population, Senate equal).

What was the 3/5 Compromise?

Counted enslaved people as 3/5 for representation and taxation.

What did Anti-Federalists fear?

Centralized tyranny, loss of rights, elite control, standing army.

What did Madison argue in Federalist #10?

Large republic prevents factions from dominating.

What did Madison argue in Federalist #51?

Separation of powers and checks and balances protect liberty.

Why did Reconstruction fail?

Southern resistance, Northern fatigue, Compromise of 1877, white violence, weak federal enforcement.

What caused Black voters to shift to Democrats in the 1930s?

New Deal relief programs and Northern urban politics.

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 do?

Ended discriminatory voting tests; allowed federal oversight and preclearance.

What case established “clear and present danger”?

Schenck v. United States (1919).

What replaced “clear and present danger”?

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) — “imminent lawless action” test.

What case limited prior restraint on the press?

New York Times v. U.S. (1971).

What is incorporation?

Applying Bill of Rights protections to states via the 14th Amendment.

What case established judicial review?

Marbury v. Madison (1803).

What is Justice Breyer’s judicial philosophy?

Pragmatic and purposive — interpret Constitution by its purpose and effects.