APHG Vocab Unit 1-7

absolute location

the coordinates of a place using latitude and longitude

agricultural density

the number of farmers per unit of farmland

arithmetic density

the total number of objects in an area

cartography

the science of map-making

choropleth map

a thematic map using shading to show a pattern of a variable (the darker the shading, the higher the concentration of the variable)

concentration

the extent of a feature's spread over space

connectivity

relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

contagious diffusion

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

core-periphery

central, wealthy, technologically advanced countries vs. less-developed, poor, and dependant countries

cultural ecology

the geographic study of human-environment relationships

cultural landscape

forms superimposed on the physical environment by humans

density

the frequency with which something occurs in space

diffusion

the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time

distance decay

contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears

distribution

the arrangement of a feature in space

environmental determinism

the theory that the physical environment causes social development

expansion diffusion

the pread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process

formal region

an area within which everyone shares in a common one or more distinctive characteristics

functional region

an area organized around a node or central point

GIS

a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data

globalization

a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope

GPS

a system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth

hearth

the place from which an innovation originates

hierarchical diffusion

the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority to other persons or places

human geography

the study of where and why human activities are located where they are

International Date Line

a line following the 180 degree latitude line where when you cross it going west, you set the clock forward by 24 hours

isoline map

a thematic map with continuous lines joining points of the same value

latitude

the numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel

location

the position that something occupies on Earth's surface

longitude

a numbering system used to locate each meridian on Earth's surface

map

a two-dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it

mental map

an internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface

Mercator projection

rectangular-shaped maps with little shape and direction distortion, but a lot of size distortion

meridian

an arc drawnbetween the North and South poles

pattern

the geometric arrangement of objects in space

physiological density

the number of persons per unit of land suitable for agriculture

possibilism

theory that the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment

prime meridian

the meridian that is 0 degrees longitude

principle meridian

the north-south lines seperating townships

projection

the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map

reference map

help people find and identify physical and/or political features

region

an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of physical and cultural traits

relative location

lets us find unfamiliar locations by comparing them to familiar ones

remote sensing

the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or other long-distance methods

Robinson projection

maps that are useful for displaying information across the oceans, but land areas are smaller than on interrupted maps of the same size

scale

refers to the relationship of a feature's size on a map compared to its actual size on Earth

site

the physical character of a place

situation

the location of a place relative to other places

space-time compression

the reduction in time it takes for something to reach another place

spatial

depending on the scale, different spatial assumptions can be made

stimulus diffusion

the spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

toponym

the name given to a place on Earth

vernacular region

a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

Age Distribution

One back-to-back bar graph, showing the number of males and showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups.

Carry capacity

This is the population level that can be supported, given the quantity of food, habitat, water and other life infrastructure present.

Demographic Transition model

Has 4 steps. Stage 1 is low growth (low stationary), Stage 2 is High Growth (early expanding), Stage 3 is Moderate Growth (late expanding), and Stage 4 is Low Growth (low stationary), and Stage 5 although not officially a stage is a possible stage that includes zero or negative population growth. This is important because this is the way our country and others countries around the world are transformed from a less developed country to a more developed country.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people who are too young too old to work compared to the number of people in there productive years.

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Epidemiological transition model

This is a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The annual \# of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births. Expressed as \# of deaths among infants per 1000 birth.

J-curve

When the projection population show exponential growth

Malthus, Thomas

Was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food population. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population.

Mortality

There are two useful ways to measure mortality; infant mortality rate and life expectancy. The IMR reflect a country's health care system and life expectancy measures the average number of years a baby can expect to live.

Natality

(Crude Birth Rate) This is the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; it is expressed as number of birth in year to every 1000 people alive in the society.

Neo-malthusian

theory that builds upon Malthus' thoughts on overpopulation. Takes into count two factors that Malthus did not: population growth in LDC's, and outstripping of resources other than food

Overpopulation

the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Population densities

the frequency with which something occurs in space

Physiological density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Agricultural density

The ratio if the number of farmers to the total amount of farmland

Population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Rate of natural increase

the percentage by which a population grows in a year.

S-curve

relates to growth and decline in the natural increase

Sex ratio

the number of males per hundred females in the population

Zero population growth

when the birth rate equals the death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Cyclic Movement

seasonal and nomadism. Leave a place, but return

Distance Decay

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

Forced Migration

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Rural-Urban

Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area

Push-Pull Factors

Factors that induce people to leave old residence and move to new locations.

Refugee

People forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, or political opinion.

Step Migration

a series of small, less extreme location changes are steps

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Voluntary migration

when you leave a place on your own terms

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

Assimilation

the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

Cultural adaptation

The positive reaction where by the foreigner readily accepts the new culture as part of his life and practice.

Cultural ecology

the study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments they live in

Cultural identity

Ones belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect. You can "identify with" a group or "identify against" a group (what you are, or what you are not).

Cultural landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.

Culture

body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition.

Functional(nodal): Region organized at a node or focal point

Vernacular(perceptual & region self-awareness): A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

Diffusion types

Expansion- idea or innovation

spreads outward from the hearth

-hierarchical- spreads to most linked people or places first.

-contagious- spreads adjacently

-stimulus- idea promotes a local experiment or change in the way people do things.