final 222

characteristics of First De Stijl Manifesto (5)

1) old vs new consciousness

2)war destroys old

3) new makes balance

4)traditions stand in the way

5) neo-plasticism needs to reform art and culture

3 people that were involved in the manifesto?

1) piet mondrian

3) theo van doesburg

3) Gerrit Rietveld

who didnt sign the manifesto?

J.J.P. Oud

Where is the quote “The object of nature is man, the object of man is style” from?

the Publication of the Magazine De Stijl

What was the best example of De Stijl in architecture?

The Schroder house by Gerrit Rietveld

Main characteristics of the Schroder house? (5)

Elementary, economical, functional, anti-cube, dynamic, and anti-decorative

In the Schroder house planes were transformed into what?

volumetric elements

the Schroder house had a transformable plan with no what?

no major walls inside

What was a development in Russian art and architecture?

the architecture was between eclecticism and national romanticism.

k. Schinkel was part of what?

national romanticism

architecture legitimizes what?

institutions of power

architecture represents the new what?

socialist state

what were the two major ideological camps?

1. the rationalists led by Ladovsky
2. the constructivists led by Ginzburg

the work of who anticipates the two groups?

vladimir tatlin

Corbusier had three phases what were they?

1. the five points
2. from purism to monumentality


1. vernacular

who wrote Towards an architecture?

Corbusier

7 main points of towards an architecture?

1. importance of new individual spirit
2. replacing style with forms
3. rebirth based on function
4. based on pure form
5. mass, surface, plan
6. plan regulates architecture
7. importance of cars, planes, and liners

Corbusier believed architects must develop what?

standardized forms

what was the first standardized form for mass production?

prototype that can be repeated; house machine

what were the five points of architecture?

1. pilotis
2. free plan
3. free facade
4. horizontal windows
5. roof garden

Ville savoye by corbusier was a great expression of what phase?

first phase

________ in architecture is a term used to categorize methods of construction which use locally available resources and traditions to address local needs.

vernacular

In Maison Jaul in Corbusier’s third phase emphasized what?

the beauty of raw materials

How many apartments were in Corbusier’s Unite d’ Habitation in his third phase?

337 in 12 stories supported by large piloti

The Ronchamp Chapel by Corbusier in his third phase had what kind of form?

highly complex

What was corbusiers only building in the states and what phase was it in?

the Carpenter center at harvard and third phase

Frank Lloyd Wright had usonian phase where he explored what?

reinforced concrete technology

Wright abandoned prairie style for what?

glass and concrete architecture

__ new tendency characterized by native materials, flat roofs, and large cantilevered elements.

Usonia

How did the Johnson Wax Building by flw have an organic use of materials?

he used concrete like trees

Falling Water by flw had a what?

total integration with the natural landscape and use of cantilevered structure

a ____ is a beam supported only on one end.

cantilever

the Guggenheim museum by flw had what?

a spiral form and white concrete

what style was characterized by arts and crafts and Viennese secession revival?

Nordic Tradition

what style did alvar alto use?

nordic tradition

who influenced alvar alto?

gunnar asplund

alvar alto believed in the importance of what?

site planning

who said, “One of the most difficult architectural problems is the shaping of the building’s surroundings to the human scale.”?

alvar alto

3 points of alvar alto’s villa mairea

1. creative use of materials
2. integration with surroundings


1. inside/outside relationship

two points of alvar altos saynatsaio town hall

1. organic brick work
2. fenestration

Gruppo 7 was with what kind of style?

italian modernism

what was gruppo 7?

seven architects interested in Corbusier’s work

who said, “The new architecture, the true architecture should be the result of a close association between logic and rationality.”?

gruppo 7

what were the two schools in Italian modernism?

school of milan (northern traditions Corbusier)

school of rome (classical traditions)

who designed the casa del fascio?

giuseppe terragni

what doe casa del fascio mean?

house of fascist people

4 points on the casa del fascio?

1. used glass and concrete
2. glass means transparency of fascism
3. plan is based on palazzo
4. geometric proportions

who designed the gallaratese complex?

aldo rossi

two points on gallaratese complex

1. return to boullee and ledoux architecture (pure forms and volumes)
2. refrence to milanese architecture (local building types)

who said “I don’t invent I rember”

Aldo Rossio

The construction of what city happens through architecture which may be invented or real?

analogous city

who said “it then became clear to me that it was not the task of architecture to invent form”?

Mies van der Rohe

Who inspired Mies van der Rohe?

Berlage and schinkel

Mies was not educated in what?

arts and crafts

whos office did mies join?

Peter Behren

The design of the office building in friendrichstrasse was wat kind of architecture?

skin and bones

3 things early mies’ work is characterized by?

1. berlage brick
2. flw horizontality
3. malevich and lissitzky suprematism

the German pavilion by Mies van der Rohe had what?

linearity and precision of material

who said “less is more”

mies van der rohe

The farnsworth house by mies van der rohe had a minimal use of what?

materials

how far off the ground and how close was the farnsworth house from the river?

5 feet up and 100 feet from the river

4 points on the seagram building by mies van der rohe and philip johnson

1. most expensive at the time
2. similar to lake shore drive apartments
3. offset from the road
4. seagram plaza

The structure became what to the seagram building?

decoration

what was the new deal in the united states?

a series of economic programs in response to the great depression

what was the new deal in europe?

political and social crises in Germany and Italy forcing several architects to move to the states.

The Harvard Museum of Modern art was in friendship with who?

Phillip Johnson

A ________ is a particular type of structure shaped like a part of a sphere or a ball.

Geodesic Dome

Who was interested in geodesic structures?

Richard buckminster fuller

Who designed the US pavilion for the international and universal exposition in Montreal?

Richard fuller

what was What was Philip Johnson's first degree in?

Architecture history from Harvard

Phillip Johnson founded the department of what?

Architecture and design at the Museum of Modern art

Phillip Johnson trained under who?

Marcel Breuer

Who won the first pritzker architecture prize?

Phillip Johnson

Philip Johnson experienced the birth and death of what?

Modernism

How many different schemes were used before finding the right one for the glass house by Phillip Johnson

27

What are 5 differences between the glass house and the Farnsworth house

1. The plan was symmetric
2. wider interiors
3. rest on the ground
4. steel is black
5. unobstructed view

Three points on the AT&T building by Philip Johnson

1. Anti moesian modernism
2. reference to classical architecture
3. chippendale top

Who said "I am a whore . . . paid very well for high-rise buildings.”

Phillip Johnson

2 points on the Chapel of Saint basil by Philip Johnson

1. experiments deconstructivist methods


1. challenging pure geometry

\

Where was Louis Kahn born?

Estonia

Louis Kahn was trained in what at the University of Pennsylvania?

Beaux Arts

3 points on yale art gallery by louis kahn

1. influenced by mies
2. importance of structural frame
3. masonry and glass

how was the yale art gallery influenced by mies

it uses structure as decorative element

2 points on the kimbell by louis kahn

1. monumentality using concrete
2. return to simplicity and classical forms

richard neutra’s architecture style

international style

4 points on the kaufmann desert house by richard neutra?

1. decade earlier commissioned flw for falling water
2. more of a pavilion
3. horizontal elements
4. vernacular

what does CIAM stand for?

internattional congress of modern architecture

what was the CIAM declarition?

24 architects representing 8 countries emphasizing building rather than architecture and rationalizing production methods

The CIAM believed efficency maximizes what?

profits

CIAM was anti what and pro what

Anti-aestheticism and pro-functionalism

the second stage of CIAM was dominated by what?

the work of Corbusier

The CIAM athen charter only published by who?

Corbusier

CIAM proposed that the social problems faced by cities could be resolved by what?

strict functional segregation

what was CIAM IX?

The young generation led by Peter Smithson and Aldo van Eyck challenge the Athens Charter

what was CIAM X?

the last CIAM meeting

The young generation led by ___________ proposes a different view of the city

Peter Smithson

2 points on the view of the city the young generation had?

1. relationship between physical and psychological needs
2. avoiding generic functional schemes that segregates people

3 people that were a part of team 10?

Jacob B. Bakema, Aldo van Eyck, and Georges Candilis

Two different movements emerged from Team 10 what were they?

1. new brutalism


1. structuralism

what was new brutalism?

Alison and Peter Smithson raw concrete