Difficult topics- CFA

What is the nasal aperture

pear-shaped bony opening in the juman skull that forms the anterior entrance to the nasal cavity

When do the anterior and posterior fontanelles close

anterior- by the end of year 2

posterior- within year 1

Which sutures form the pterion

coronal, sphenosquamosal, sphenoparietal, squamous and sphenofrontal

Function of the parietal foramina

-help to cool the brain and regulate intracranial pressure

-can allow infections from the scalp to spread deeper into the brain

Contents of the inferior orbital fissure

infraorbital nerve

zygomatic nerve

infraorbital artery and vein

inferior ophthalmic vein

On a cervical spine x-ray what do we look for

smooth lines, bodies in register, spinous processes in register

in register- they are properly aligned without any deviation

Which plane is the alar fascia found in

transverse plane

Which artery is known as the artery of the leg

anterior cerebral artery

Where can arterial pulses of the head region be taken

superficial temporal artery

Which ganglion is found in the infratemporal fossa

otic ganglion

What codition does this person have

Treacher Collins syndrome

What are some of the features of treacher collins syndrome

-underdeveloped mandible and maxilla

-eyes slope downwards laterally

-malformed ears

What causes treacher collins syndrome

Structures from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches don’t develop properly due to impaired proliferatino, survival and migration of neural crest cells

Embryological derivation of the thyroglossal duct

develops from endoderm of the embryonic pharynx and combines with tissue from the 2 lateral fourth pharyngeal pouches

Embryological origin of the follicular cells

follicular cells- thyroglossal duct

Embryological origin of the parafollicular cells

lateral fourth pharyngeal pouches

Consequences of facial clefts

affect feeding, speech, hearing and social integration

Where are the mnuscles of facial expression found in relation tot he investing layer of deep fascia

superficial to it, they insert directly into the skin of the face to produce facial expressions

Which structure passes over the masseter and pierces the buccinator

parotid duct

Label this diagram

What type of joint is the lower cavity of the TMJ

modified hinge joint

What does normal function of the middle ear depend on

-continuous ventilation of the chamber

Consequences of poor oxygenation of the middle ear

-changes in the metabolism of the epithelium lining the chamber leading to middle ear dysfunction

What is otitis media

inflammation/infection of the middle ear

often caused by eustachian tube dysfunction

Which muscles are involved in opening the eustachian tube

tensor veli palatini

levator veli palatini

If there is an injury to the trochlear nerve before it exits the midbrain, what type of symptom will occur

Contralateral symptom (will affect the SO muscle on the opposite side as this is before the fibres have crossed)

(after exiting the midbrain, there is an ipsilateral symptom as the fibres have crossed)

What is the cervical plexus

network of spinal nerves in the neck

formed by the anterior/ventral ramus fo C1-C4 spinal nerves

Location of the cervical plexus

deep to the scm, in the posterior triangle of the neck

Which structures does the cervical plexus provide motor innervation to

-motor innervation to most of the strap muscles, scalenes and deep neck muscles, diaphragm

Which strutures does the cervical plexus provide sensory innervation to

anterior skin of the neck and chest

What are the motor branches of the cervical plexus

ansa cervicalis: C1-C3 fibres, supplies infrahyoid muscles (except thyrohyoid and also supplies geniohyoid)

phrenic nerve: C3-C5 fibres, supplies the diaphragm

Which structure passes through the supraorbital notch/foramen

supraorbital nerve V1

Where is Killians dehiscence found

triangular area in the wall of the pharynx between the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus of the inferior constrictor

Anterior and lateral boundary of the oral cavity proper

dental arcades

Roof of oral cavity proper

hard palate

Floor of oral cavity proper

muscles of the floor of the mouth

Which 2 muscles does the duct of the submandibular gland pass between

mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles

What is a cerebellopontine angle tumour and which cranial nerves does it affect

-tumour between the pons and cerebellum

-affects VII and VIII, later affects V and VI

What is the mental spine of the mandible and which muscles attach there

genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles

What would cause the tympanic membrane to appear retracted

-negative pressure in the middle ear to blockage of the eustachian tube