Childhood and Adolescent Exam 1

Development

Pattern of change beginning at conception and continuing through life

Improving The Lives of Children

Health - influence of lifestule (ex. food, psychological)

Parenting - sensitive to child needs?

Context - socioculture, diversity, economic, gender

Education - best?

Socioculture Context

Culture - passed down; showing the child

Cross-cultural studies - language acquisition; similarities/differences in cultures

Ethnicity - cultural heritage, diversity, race

Socioeconomic status (SES) - wealth vs. poverty

Gender - comparison of boys/girls, gender identity, womens rights

Resilience

• children raised in poverty

• Individual - self confident, high self esteem, good intellectual functioning, sociable

• Family - close with caring parental figure, authoritative parenting

• Extrafamilial Context - bonds to caring adults outside family, connection to positive organizations

Social Policy

government course of action designed to promote the wellfare of people

Comprehensive Social Policy

created when there is a large issue (ex. child labor laws)

Biological Processes

factors that produce change in an individual’s body; genetics

Socioemotional Processes

factors that involve changes in interactions with others; emotion, personality

Cohort Effects

effects due to the time someone is born in (ex. Gen Z - COVID; Millenials - ethnic diversity, connection to technology)

Issues in Development

Nature vs. Nuture

Continuity-discontinuity (gradual development vs. staged development)

Early-later Experience

Theory

interrelated set of ideas that help explain and make predictions

Hypothesis

specific assumptions/predictions that can be tested to determine accuracy

Psychoanalytic

personality with three structures (Id, Ego, and Superego); focus on unconscious; early experiences important, discontinuity

Psychosexual Stages

Oral - pleasure center on mouth (ex. eating)

Anal - pleasure center on anus (ex. potty training)

Phallic - pleasure on genitals

Latency - repression of sexual interest and development of social and intellectual skills

Genital - sexual reawakening, pleasure from outside of family

Erikson’s Stages

Trust vs. mistrust

Autonomy vs. shame

Initiative vs. Guilt

Industry vs. inferiority

Identity vs. Identity confusion

Psychoanalytic Contributions

foundation of development; importance of family relationships; unconscious

Psychoanalytic Criticism

difficult to test; too much important on sexual underpinings; unconscious given too much credit; presents humans as negative; gender biased

Cognitive

Piaget and Vygotsky; childhood experiences important, discontinuity between stages in Piagets and no stages in Vygotsky

Piaget’s Theory

Organization and adaptation move you through 4 stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

Adaptation

based on organization and is adjustment to environmental conditions

Organization

organizing things to make sense (ex. apples and bananas are fruits)

Sociocultural cognitive theory

development is very different based on culture and society around you; Lev Vygotsky

Information-Processing theory

individual manipulates information, monitors it, and strategizes about it

Cognitive Contributions

positive view of development; conscious development; testable; understanding thoughts, capabilities

Cognitive Criticisms

not uniform; underestimation of infant cognitive skills; overestimated adolescent cognitive skills; no acknowledgement of unconscious

Behavioral and Social Cognitive

classical and operant conditioning, Bandura; environment main influence, continuity with no stages

Social Cognitive Theory

observational learning; imitation (bobo doll); behavior, person/cognition, and environment; Bandura

Behavorial and Social Cognitive Contributions

emphasizes the importance of experimental research, environment impacts behavior

Behavorial and Social Cognitive Criticisms

too little emphasis on cognitive and how it develops over lifetime; too much emphasis on environment

Ethology

specific time frames that are important for development; Lorenz (imprinting) and Bowlby (attachment); strong biological view; early experiences very important; discontinuity due to early critical period; no stages

Ecological

Bronfenbrenner; strong environmental view; experiences involving the 5 environmental systems; no stages

Ecletic Theoretical Orientation

relying on single theaory is problematic; does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered its best features

Cross-sectional approach

only once at one time; fast; less accurate

Longitudinal approach

multiple times; more accurate results over time; time consuming

Research Challenges

ethical and minimal bias

Evolutionary Psychology

emphasizes the important of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior

Down syndrome

an extra chromosome causes mild to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities

Klinefelter syndrome

an extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities

Fragile X syndrome

an abnormaility in the X chromosome can cause intellectual disability, learning disabilities, or short attention span

Turner Syndrome

a missing X chromosome in females can cause intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment

XYY syndrome

an extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height

Cystic fibrosis

Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production; breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened life span

Diabetes

body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar

Hemophilia

delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

Huntington’s disease

central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

PKU

metabolic disorder that, left untreated, causes intellectual disability

Sickle-cell anemia

Blood disorder that limits the body’s oxygen supply; it can cause joint swelling as well as heart and kidney failure

Spina bifida

neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities

Tay-sachs disease

deceleration of mental and physical development cause by accumulation of lipids in the nervous system

Ultrasound sonography

prenatal medical procedure that uses high frequencies directed in pregnant stomach to detect abnormalities such as multiples and limb development

Fetal MRI

uses powerful magnet to detail organs and structures

Chorionic villus sampling

small sample of placenta removed to detect congenital disorders

Amniocentesis

later (14-20 weeks); sample of amniotic fluid by syringe to test chromosomal and metabolic disorders

Maternal Blood screening

16-18 weeks; identify defects (ex. spina bifida and down syndrome)

Infertility

inability to conceive after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception

Adoption

social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth

Behavioral genetics

field that seeks to research the influence of genetics and environment on behavior

Germinal Period

2 weeks after conception; creation of zygote, attachment of zygoye to uterine wall, and further cell division

Blastocyst

inner mass of cells that develop into embryo

Trophoblast

outerlayer of cells that develops to provide nutrition

Embryonic Period

2-8 weeks; more cells and organ development

Endoderm

inner layer of cells (digestive, respiratory)

Mesoderm

middle layer of cells (circulatory, bones, muscles)

Ectoderm

outermost layer of cells (skin, hair, nails)

Fetal Period

dramatic growth and weight increase; reflexes; viable as early as 6 months

Nutrition and Weight Gain

gain 25-35 lbs associated with best outcomes; all nutrients needs increase (ex. Iron); water essential

Exercise

normal participation in physical activity and exercise can continue but may need to be decreased if normally intense or increased to activities such as taking walks if it isn’t normal for you; reduces complications, lowers risk of hypertension, and increases happiness

Prenatal Care in other Countries

lower rates of low birth weights; free or low cost; better maternity leave

Teratogen

any agent that can potentially cause a physical birth defects

Prescription and Non-prescription drugs

antibiotics, antidepressants, horomones (prescribed)

diet pills, high doses of aspirin (non-prescription)

Psychoactive Drugs

act on nervous system to alter moods

ex. caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, meth, marijuana, heroine

Alcohol

can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome; facial deformities; defects in limbs, face, and heart; neurocognitive difficulties and learning problems

Cocaine

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference

Methamphetamine

higher rates of infant mortality; developmental and behavioral problems; decreased movement

Marijuana

leads to learning and memory difficulties

Heroine

behavior difficulties at birth; attention deficit later; behavior problems at 1 years

Environmental Hazards

radiation, pollutants, and toxic wastes

STIs

syphilis, genital herpes; penicilin or c-section for treatment

HIV/AIDS

sexually transmitted infection that destroys immune system; can be passed during delivery and after birth

Diabetes

high levels of sugar in blood; gestational diabetes; may delivery large baby; babies at risk for cardiovascular disease

Diet and Nutrition

obesity linked to stillbirths and being placed in NICU

Maternal Age

higher risk for adolescents and those over 35; greater age = greater risk of dawn syndrome (40+)

Emotional States

develop emotional cognitive problems; depression linked to preterm birth and low birth weights in full term babies

First Stage

Uterine contractions - period cramps that get more intense and closer together that cause the cervix to stretch and open; amniotic sac may break

Second Stage

Delivery - baby’s head starts to move through cervix and canal, ending when baby is fully out of body

Third Stage

Afterbirth - placenta and embilical cord come out and can be more painful than the birth for some

Midwives

trained health practitioners that provide care during labor, delivery, and afterbirth

Doula

caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support

Analgesics

used to relieve pain

Anesthesia

used in late first-stage of labor (ex. epideral)

Oxytocin

horome promoting uterine contractions to speed up birth

Natural and Prepared Childbirth

some medication is typically still used; aims to reduce pain through eduction, breathing/relaxation techniques, exercise, and prenatal nutrition

Cesarean Delivery

baby is removed from uterus through incision through abdomin; often used when in breech position or other complications

APGAR Scale

score given to newborns to indicate if they have urgent medical issues; higher = better

NBAS

performed 24-36 hours after birth; asses neurological development by looking at 16 different reflexes

Low birth weight infants

less than 5.5 lbs; very low = less than 3.5 lbs; extremely low = less than 2 lbs

Preterm Infants

3+ weeks before pregnancy has reached full term

Preterm and Small infant consequences

more health and developmental problems

Kangaroo Care

skin to skin contact to regulate body; 2-3 hours per day

Massages

africa and asia infants are routinely massaged by family for months after birth