Module 22-24 Psychology

Psychologists define consciousness as…

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

our consciousness is…

one part of our dual processing

hypnosis is..

a social interaction in which one person responds to another person’s suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors

Hypnotic power resides in…

subject’s openness to sugesstion, their ability to focus on certain images or behaviors

Anyone can…

experience hypnosis because we are all open to suggestion to some extent

Hypnotic ability is..

the ability to focus attention totally on a task

Hypnosis cannot…

bring back “forgotten” or “lost” memories

Hypnosis can force…

people to act against their will and do dangerous activities

Hypnotherapists try to…

help patients harness their own healing powers

Posthypnotic suggestions help…

alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders

Posthypnotic suggestion is…

a suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

Hypnotherapy is..

proven with great improvement for obesity – but not with addictions like smoking, drugs, alcohol

Hypnosis can…

relieve pain and inhibit pain-related brain activity

Some say hypnosis is of normal consciousness, as well as the power of…

social influence

Subjects may be more subjected to hypnosis if…

they like and trust the hypnosis

Some say hypnosis is more than simply…

inducing someone to play the role of good subject

Ernest Hilgard was a…

famed researcher

Hilgard believed…

hypnosis involves not only social influence but also a special dual-processing state of dissociation

disassociation is…

split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

Another form of dual processing, selective attention may…

play a role in hypnotic pain relief – hypnosis may not block sensory input, but it may block our attention to those stimuli.

Although hypnosis is controversial…

there is no doubt that there is much more to thinking and acting than we are conscious of

Our bodies roughly synchronise with…

the 24-hour cycle of day and night by an internal biological clock called the circadian rhythm

Circadian rhythm is..

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms

As the morning approaches, body temperatures…

rise,

peak during the day

dips for a time in early afternoon,

egin to drop again in the evening

When we are at our daily peak…

our thinking is sharpest and memory most accurate

Most teens and young adults are…

evening-energized, performance improving across the day

Older adults are…

morning-loving, performance declining as day wears on

By age 20, we go from…

owls to larks

When we sleep, our consciousness fades as…

different parts of our brain’s cortex stop communicating

Armond Aserinsky’s father …

tested an electroencephalograph by placing electrodes near Armond’s eyes to record eye movements

Armond Aserinsky’s experiment was how we found out…

when we sleep, we cycle through four distinct sleep stages

REM sleep is…

rapid eye movement sleep, recurring sleep stage where vivid dreams commonly occur

muscles are RELAXED

alpha waves are when…

you are awake but relaxed

sleep is…

periodic, natural loss of consciousness

Transition from alpha waves to sleep is marked by…

slowed breathing and irregular brain waves

Transition from alpha waves to sleep is marked by slowed breathing and irregular brain waves is known as…

NREM-1

During the NREM-1 sleep, you may experience..

hallucinations

Hallucinations are..

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

NREM-1 is also when you may experience…

sensation of falling

During NREM-2…

we relax more deeply with sleep spindles

Sleep spindles are…

bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity

NREM-3 is also known as…

deep sleep

During deep sleep our brains emit…

delta waves

Delta waves are…

large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep (we are hard to be awaken with them)

NREM sleep is..

non-rapid eye movement sleep; any sleep stages except for REM sleep

After NREM sleep, we go to …

REM sleep

During REM…

our heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid and irregular, and every half minute or so our eyes dart around in momentary bursts of activity behind closed lids

Rapid eye movements announce…

the beginning of a dream

Except for very scary dreams…

your genitals become aroused during REM sleep

Men’s common “morning erection” stems from…

REM period

Brain’s motor cortex is…

active during REM sleep, but brainstem blocks its messages

During REM, because the brainstem blocks the message of motor cortex, we are…

essentially paralyzed

The sleep cycle repeats itself about…

every 90 minutes

As the night wears on…

deep NREM-3 sleep grows shorter and disappears, while REM and NREM-2 sleep periods get longer

Sleep patterns are…

genetically influenced

In studies of fraternal and identical twins regarding sleep…

only identical twins had strikingly similar sleep patterns and durations

Sleep patterns are also influenced by…

culture – in ways such as social media, shift work, and lighting

Bright morning light affects the circadian clock by…

activating light-sensitive retinal proteins

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is…

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm, which control the circadian clock by triggering signals to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

The suprachiasmatic nucleus does its job by…

causing the brain’s pineal gland to decrease it’s production of the hormone melatonin in the morning and to increase it in the evening

Being bathed in light disrupts…

our circadian rhythm

Being bathed in light disrupts our circadian rhythm because….

our ancestor’s body clocks were attuned to the rising and setting Sun of the 24-hour day

Artificial light most definitely…

disrupts sleep

Sleep may have evolved for five reasons:

protects, helps us recuperate, restores and rebuilds our fading memories of the day’s experiences, feeds creative thinking, supports growth

Ancestors who were sleeping at night instead of wandering…

were protected and was therefore more likely to live to pass it on

Sleep helps us recuperate by…

restoring and repairing brain tissue

During deep sleep, the pituitary gland….

releases a growth hormone necessary for muscle development

Our sleep patterns not only leave us sleepy but…

drained of energy and feelings of well-being

Sleep debt is accumulated that…

does not need to be repaid but cannot be satisfied by one long sleep

William Dement, sleep researcher, said…

the brain keeps accurate count of sleep debt for at least two weeks

Most adults, in order to achieve peak performance, should sleep…

9 hours

College and university students are…

especially sleep deprived

Sleep loss is a predictor of…

depression

REM sleep’s processing of emotional experience…

helps protect against depression – and we do feel better the next day

Sleep deprivation has consequences such as…

difficulty studying, diminished productivity, tendency to make mistakes, irritability, fatigue

Sleep deprivation makes you fatter, because…

it increases ghrelin and decreases leptin

Ghrehlin is…

a hunger-arousing hormone

Leptin is…

a hunger-suppressing hormone

College students’ “freshmen 15” is often due to..

sleep deprivation

Sleep deprivation can suppress…

immune cells that fight off viral infections and cancer

Sleep deprivation causes the…

slowing of reactions, increasing of errors on visual attention tasks

Insomnia is..

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

From middle age on, awakening occasionally during the night…

becomes the norm

Narcolepsy is…

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at unfortunate times

Narcolepsy is often caused by…

genes

Narcolepsy may be effectively relieved by…

a drug that mimics the missing orexin and can sneak through the blood-brain barrier

Sleep apnea is…

sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

Sleep apnea’s process of constantly snorting air leads to…

patients not being able to do deep sleep

Sleep apnea is known to be associated with..

obesity

Night terrors target…

nisrkt cgukdreb

night terrors are a…

sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified, happens during NREM-3 sleep

Sleepwalking happens in….

childhood mostly, during NREM-3

Sleeptalking happens in..

childhood mostly, during any sleep stage

Dreams are …

a sequence of emotions, images, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

• many discontinuities, but dreamer has delusional acceptance

When we sleep, sensory stimuli like an odor…

can be woven into the dream immediately

Sigmund Freud said about dreams that…

most adult dreams are traced back by analysis to erotic wishes, and to satisfy our own wishes

Freud said…

dreams are the key to understanding our inner conflicts

Dream Researcher William Domhoff said…

there is no reason to believe any of Freud’s claims

A function of dreams is to..

process information

manifest content

remembered story line of a dream