REVIEW CHAPTER 7,8,9

Gastrocnemius Functions

Flexes leg; plantar flexion and eversion of the foot

What extends your thigh?

Gluteus Maximus

What flexes your forearm?

Brachialis and the Biceps Brachii

Biceps Brachii

Flexes arm and forearm; supinates forearm

What muscles are named the boxer muscles?

Serratus Anterior (q)

Serratus Anterior

LIFT THE RIBS, ASSIST WITH RESPIRATION

DEPRESSES SCAPULA AND PULL IT → FORWARD; ELEVATES ARM ABOVE HORIZONTAL

ABDUCTS ARM ABOVE THE HORIZONTAL !!!

which muscles abduct your arm?

serratus anterior, deltoid and rotator cuff

Deltoid

ABDUCTS ARMS TO HORIZONTAL

Rotator Cuff

THE SUPRASPINATUS IS AN INITIATOR OF ABDUCTION IN THE SHOULDER

what muscle is used during INHALATION?

Diaphragm and External intercoastal

External intercostals

ELEVATE RIB CAGE FOR INSPIRATION

Diaphragm

major muscle for breathing

Which m. FLEXES THE HEAD AND TURNS IT LATERALLY?

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

Which m. is used for chewing?

masseter, temporalis, buccinator and pterygoids

Masseter

CLOSES JAW CAUSING IT TO ELEVATE

Temporalis

BITES OR CLOSES JAW

Buccinator

COMPRESSES CHEEK INWARD

Pterygoids

AIDS IN CHEWING AND BITING ACTIONS BY CONTROLLING THE MOVEMENTS OF THE MANDIBLE

what muscle is used for kissing? (^///^)

Orbicularis Oris

Orbicularis Oris

CLOSES AND PROTRUDES LIPS

Which muscles are named for their shape?

deltoid, trapezius, latissimus,teres

What muscles are named for their size?

maximus, medius, minimus, longus,brevis, vastus

What do we call an increase in the size of a muscle?

MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY

WHAT IS THE NMJ?

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

the axon terminal of the motor neuron and the sarcolemma (plasma membrane) that the motor neuron stimulates; the gap between the two cells is the synaptic cleft

What neurotransmitter is used by the CNS to stimulate muscles?

ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh)

it is contained in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal

Histology of muscle

Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal

Smooth M.

located in WALLS OF HOLLOW ORGANS & BLOOD VESSELS

function: MOVES MATERIALS THROUGH ORGANS + REGULATES BLOOD FLOWS

Spindle-shaped + Unnucleated + No striations

Involuntary contraction

slowest speed + not easily fatigued

Cardiac M.

Located in FORMS THE HEART WALL

function: brain- ACCELERATES OR SLOWS DOWN, GENERATES ATP,

involuntary

striated short branched + central nucleus intercalated disks( gap junctions)

moderate speed

Skeletal M.

Located in ATTACHED TO THE SKELETON OR SKIN

cylindrical, multinucleated, striated

fastest

Skeletal Muscle functions

• Support the body to allow us to be upright
• Make bones and other body parts move
• Help maintain a constant body temperature
by generating heat
• Assist fluid movement in cardiovascular
and lymphatic vessels
• Help protect bones and internal organs,
and stabilize joints

Skeletal muscle connective tissue

endomysium,perimysium,epimysium

endomysium

thin layer of areolar connective tissue

surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber

perimysium

surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)

epimysium

layer that surrounds the entire muscle

becomes part of the fascia (separates muscles from each other)

collagen fibers extend form the ep______ to form tendons that attach muscles to the periosteum of bone

What is the function of the cerebellum?

• Integrates sensory input from the eyes,
ears, joints, and muscles, and motor
output from the cerebral cortex
• Maintains posture and balance and
ensures smooth, coordinated voluntary
movement
• Assists in learning of new motor skills

reflex arch

automatic involuntary responses to changes inside and outside the body
• Cranial______ involve the brain
• Spinal _______ involves only the spinal cord

Autonomic motor nervous system (ANS)

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic NS

Involuntary

“Fight or Flight”

preganglionic shorter than postganglionic,

norepinephrine (NE)- main neurotransmitter

Thoracolumbar spinal nerves

Parasympathetic

Involuntary

“Rest and Digest”

preganglionic longer tan postganglionic

Acetylcholine (ACh)- main neurotransmitter

Cranial and sacral neves

Which part of the brain controls hunger, thirst, and body temp?

HYPOTHALAMUS

Which part of the brain functions as a sensory relay center for all sensory input except smells and sends the sensory signals to appropriate cerebral cortex areas?

THALAMUS

What is the Wernicke’s area?

The general interpretive area for recognizing and interpreting spoken and written messages.

Broca’s area

Respiratory and Oral movements for speech

Frontal lobe

Primary motor area- voluntary commands to skeletal muscle of the opposite side of the body

premotor area- organizes motor activity (association area)

prefrontal area- think critically and planning behaviors

motor speech (Broca’s) area

judgment

memory storage

emotion

problem-solving

Parietal lobe

primary somatosensory area- sensory information from the skin and skeletal muscles on the opposite side of the body

somatosensory association area

analyzing sensory stimuli

Temporal lobe

primary olfactory area-

primary auditory area- infor. from inner ears

Occipital lobe

primary visual area

visual association area

Insula

-primary taste area: taste sensations go here

Lateral ventricles

cerebrum hemp. connecting to the third ventricle

(CSF)

third ventricle

diencephalon

fourth ventricle

brain stem and cerebellum

dura mater

outer menix composed of two layers of tough, fibrous connective tissue

epidural space

fat-filled space epidural injections between the dura mater and the skull or vertebrae

dura venous sinuses

spaces between the dura matter layers containing venous blood

arachnoid mater

middle menix composed of spider-web-like connective tissue

pia mater

deepest menix that adheres to the brain and spinal cord (CSF)

subarachnoid space

space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

hydrocephalus

blockages of cerebral fluid

What is the gray matter?

Contains interneurons and portions of sensory and motor neurons

Production of myelin sheet

lipid coating.

formed by Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes in the PNS

neurons

transmit impulses

neuroglia

support and nourish neurons

cell body

contains nucleus and other organelles

dendrites

receives signals from sensory receptors or other neurons

axon

conducts nerve signals away from body

axon terminal

the enlarged end of the axon

nerve

bundle of parallel axons in the PNS

Tract

bundle of parallel axons in the CNS

sensory neurons

carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS

unipolar- one extension coming off the cell body'; splits into two branches

Interneurons (associations neurons)

All in CNS

multipolar- many dendrites and a single axon

convey nerve impulses between various parts of the CNS

majority of neurons are i_________

Motor neurons

carry nerve impulses from the CNS to muscles, organs, or glands

All are multipolar- many dendrites and a single axon

Schwann cells

procudes myelin sheath in the PNS

oligodendrocytes

provides insulation

increases the speed of impulse conduction

nodes of ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheath

Which cranial nerves carry the sensory function??

Olfactory (I), Optic (II), and the Vestibulocochlear (VII)

Taste

taste buds

gustatory areas

microvilli in taste cells

Smell

olfactory cells in the olfactory epithelium

Pain

Free nerve Endings

Pain Receptors/ nociperceptions

somatic nociceptors

found in skeletal muscle

mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical damage

visceral nociceptors

found in internal organs

excessive stretching, oxygen, deprivation or chemicals released by damaged tissues

non distinguishable

Photoreceptors

stimulated by light

Temperature

Free nerve endings

cutaneous receptors

Meissner corpuscles

dermal papillae of hairless skin

Merkle disks

deepest epidermis

root hair plexus

around hair follicle

Position

mechanoreceptors

muscle spindles

increase the degree of muscle contraction

Golgi tendon organs

respond to muscles’ over contraction and decrease the degree of muscle contraction

muscle tone

a muscle with a low level of contraction

Scelera

Tough outermost connective tissue layer; protects and supports eyeball

cornea

Refracts (bends) light rays

Choroid

Blood vessel layer; absorbs stray light

Ciliary body

Holds lens in place

Ciliary muscle

Accommodation: changes the shape of the lens for near or far vision

Iris

Regulates entrance of light into retina

pupil

Opening in iris; admits light into retina

retina

Contains sensory receptors for light

Rods

Receptors for black and white, dim-light vision; peripheral vision

Cones

Receptors for color vision; bright- light vision

Fovea centralis

Largest concentration of cone cells; makes acute vision possible