Health Exam 2

Addiction

treatable chronic disease characterized by a compulsive dependence on a behavior or substance despite on going negative consequences

Physiological Dependence

adapted state of brain and body processes that occurs with regular addictive behavior (tolerance develops, withdraws symptoms occur if drug use stops)

Psychological Dependence

dependency of the mind on a substance or behavior, which can lead to psychological withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, or cravings

Five Processes of Addiction

Compulsion
Loss of Control
Negative Consequences
Denial
Inability to Abstain

Compulsion

preoccupation with a behavior and an overwhelming need to perform it

Loss of Control

inability to predict reliably whether a particular instance of involvement with an addictive substance or behavior will be healthy or damaging

Negative Consequences

physical damage, legal trouble, financial ruin, academic failure, family dissolution, and other severe problems

Denial

inability to perceive or accurately interpret the self-destructive effects of an addictive behavior

Inability to Abstain

failure to avoid drug use over a sustained period of time

Monitoring the Future

ongoing study of the behaviors, attitudes, and values of Americans from adolescence through adulthood

Receptor Site Theory

drugs bind to specific receptors within the body

Psychoactive Drugs

alter mood or behavior by acting on neurotransmitters in the brain

How Psychoactive Drugs Affect the brain

-activate the brain's pleasure circuit
-alters way in which the pleasure center functions
-change the way the brainwork by affecting chemical neurotransmission (enhances or suppresses)

Types of Drugs

prescription (10,000 sold in us)
over the counter (100,000 available)
recreational
herbal preparations (750)
illicit (illegal)
commercial preparations

Recreational Drugs

alcohol
tobacco
caffeine

Commercial preparations

perfumes
cosmetics

Routes of Drug Administration

oral ingestion
inhalation
injection
transdermal (inunction)

Oral Ingestion

by mouth; most common

inhalation

sniffed, smoked, inhaled; fastest route to brain

injection

administered intravenously (fast), intramuscularly, or subcutaneously (slow); second fastest to brain

Transdermal (inunction)

through skin, anus, or vagina

Polydrug use

several substances are taken simultaneously

synergism (potentiation)

effects of two or more drugs are multiplied beyond what is expected if each were taken alone

inhibition

effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug

cross-tolerance

where tolerance to one drug transfers to a second drug

drugs misuse

using a drug for a purpose other then what it was intended (leads to addiction)

drug abuse

excessive use of any drug (leads to addiction)

Schedule 1

drug with no currently accepted medical use and are the most dangerous (heroin, led, cannabis, ecstasy)

Schedule 2

high potential for abuse (Vicodin, cocaine, meth, oxytocin, adderall)

Schedule 3

moderate to low abuse (Tylenol, codeine, ketamine, testosterone)

Schedule 4

drugs with potential of abuse (Xanax, soma, Darvon, valium)

Schedule 5

very low risk (lomotil, motormen, Lyrica, parapectolin)

Stimulants

can be snorted, sniffed, injected, oral (cocaine, amphetamine, methylphenidate)

Cocaine

anesthetic and CNS stimulant

Meth

addictive and easily made using OTC drugs (small does increase alertness and decrease appetite, large doses can lead to hallucinations, convulsions and death)

Caffeine

most popular; mild CNS stimulant that enhances mental alertness and reduces feelings of drowsiness

Cannabis

Can be oral or smoked; Marijuana, hashish

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

psychoactive substance in weed
Effects: dry eyes, hunger, low blood pressure, anxiety, paranoia, panic

50-70%

How much more carcinogenic hydrocarbons does marijuana have than tobacco?

synergize

What do weed and alcohol do when mixed?

How Marijuana acts as a medicine

reduces nausea caused by chemo
improves appetite
reduces muscle pain

Synthetic Marijuana

k2 or spice; mimics weed symptoms but with longer duration and poor detection, used by 1 in 10 college students; joint, hookah

Depressants

sedative drugs that promote mental calmness and reduce anxiety, suppress CNS, prescribed for tension, muscle strain, sleep problems, anxiety; can be oral or injected (GBH, benzodiazepines)

Rohypnol

date rape drug; low dose reduce-tension, rapid mood changes, high dose slurred speech, drowsiness, and stupor

Gamma Hydroxbutyrate (GBH)

euphoric, memory loss, amnesia, death

Narcotics (opioids)

depressant of the CNS; can be injected, snorted, smoked, oral (Heroin, morphine, fetidly, hydrocodone, oxycodone, codeine)

Derivatives

morphine and codeine

Synthetic opiates

percodan, Demerol, and dilaudid

Opioids

any type of substance, either natural or man-made (synthetic) that binds to opioid receptors in the brain

Hallucinogens

mind altering drugs that affect the brain and nervous systems and bring about changes in though , emotion; can be oral, sorted, smoked, injected (LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybine, Phencyclide)

Synesthesia

when sensory messages are mixed

LSD

lysergic acid diethylamide; increase heart rate, elevated blood pressure, euphoria, shorten attention span

Inhalants

chemicals that produce vapors capable of causing hallucinations and creating intoxicating and euphoric effects; inhaled (amyl and butyl nitrite, nitrous oxide)

Anabolic Steroids

artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone; can be injected, oral (testosterone, steroids)

Drug Use Prevalence in College Students

ILLICIT DRUGS: 46.5%
Illicit drug other than marijuana: 16.8%
MARIJUANA: 43%
Inhalants: 1.3%
Hallucinogens: 5.3%
Cocaine: 5.6%
Narcotics other than heroin: 1.5%
Amphetamines:8.1%
Sedatives: 2%
Tranqulizers: 3%
Ketamine: 0.7%
ALCOHOL:77.6
Cigarettes: 16%
VAPING: 43.7%

Detoxification

early abstinence period, during which an addict adjusts physically and cognitively

1;20

___ juul pod contains ___ cigarettes worth of nicotine

EVALI

e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury

Reasons why College Students say they smoke

Relax (#1), reduce stress, control weight gain

stimulant

What type of Drug is nicotine?

less educated

Who is more likely to smoke: educated or less educated women?

25%

How much more likely are women to die from lung cancer?

males

Who smokes more males or females?

Loosies

illegal; single cigarette

Social Smoking

Those who smoke when they are with people rather than when they are alone (can lead to addiction)

carcinogen

causes cancer

phenols

chemical irritants in smoke that may combine with other chemicals to contribute to development of lung cancer

Carbon Monoxide

gas found in cigarette smoke; binds at oxygen receptor sites in the blood

Nicotine Addiction

tolerance to nicotine develops almost immediately and causes nicotine poisoning

Leukoplakia

disease of the mouth characterized by white patches and oral lesions on the cheeks, gums, and/or tongue

Cancers caused from smokeless tobacco

Stomach, pancreas, esophagus, larynx, and pharynx cancer

Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in which the lungs become inflamed and excess mucus

Emphysema

air sacs in the lungs are permanently destroyed

Short-term Effects of Smoking

Heart and Blood Vessels:constricts blood vessels, increase pulse and blood pressure
Endocrine System: increase blood sugars and adrenaline production
Stomach: suppress appetite

Long-term Effects of Smoking

Nervous System: addiction and nicotine craving
Mouth: risk of gum disease, cancer, stained teeth
Respiratory: increase susceptibility, risk of lung cancer
Cardiovascular System: risk of stroke, heart disease
Reproductive System: infertility, miscarriage

Lung Cancer

What is the #1 cause of cancer deaths in the US?

Mainstream smoke

the smoke that is drawn though tobacco while inhaling (children that are exposed are at higher risk of respiratory problems)

Sidestream/secondhand smoke

emitted from the burning end of a cigarette or exhaled by a smoker

Benefits of Quitting Smoking

tissues can repair themselves and risks of lung cancer and stroke decrease

Operant Conditioning

pairs smoking with an external stimulus

Self-Control Therapy

aims at identifying the situations associated with smoking and then teaching skills needed to resist smoking

Nicotine Replacements

Nicotine gum
nicotine patch
bupropion(antidepressant)
varenicline (reduced cravings)

Nicotine Replacement Products that require a prescription

Bupropion(zyban)
varenicline(chants)
nicotine patch
nicotine nasal spray
nicotine inhaler

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

describes diseases of the heart and blood vessel, such as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, stroke, and congenital defects (more than 1 in 3 adults suffer)
-Leading cause of global deaths
-Major cause of health loss

Heart

four-chambered pump
Contracts 100,000 times each day
pumps equivalent of 2,000 gallons of blood throughout the body
blood collected in its upper chambers, the atria, from rest of body
two lower chambers, the tentacles, pumps the blood out again

Aorta

What is the biggest valve?

Louisiana, Oklahoma, alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi

Major Cardiovascular Disease Age death rates(states)

Atherosclerosis

deposits of fatty substance, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

atherosclerosis occurring in the lower extremities, such as in the feet, calves, legs or in the arms

Hyperlipidemia

abnormally high blood lipid level

Plaque

buildup of deposits in the artery

myocardial infection

heart attack; blood supply to the heart is disrupted

Coronary Thrombosis

caused by blood clot in coronary artery

Collateral Circulation

alternative or collateral route of blood flow that develops when blockage of the heart is minor

Heart Attack Symptoms

crushing or squeezing chest pain(men)
Pain radiating down arm; neck, or jaw (men)
Chest discomfort or pressure with shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting, light headedness(women)
shortness of breath without chest pain, discomfort in back, neck, or jaw (women)
Unusual weakness (women)
Unusual fatigue (women)
Sleep disturbance (women)
Indigestion (women)

Stroke

blood supply to brain is interrupted

thrombus

stationary blood clot

embolus

free flowing blood clot

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

interruption of the blood supply that causes temporary impairment (numbness)

Thrombolytics

medicines that rapidly dissolve a blood clot