Euro Mid

Great Schism

Taxing the clergy

Renaissance

The time period which Europe flourished and the rebirth of new ideas and love of art, The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Court of Star Chamber

A division of the English royal council, a court that used Roman legal procedures to curb real or potential threats from the nobility, the court so called because there were stars painted on the ceiling of the chamber in which the court sat.

French Religious Wars

Catholic monarchy imposed very heavy taxes on the people; the wealthy, the middle class switched over to Calvinism as a form of rebellions; major issue: iconoclasm

Thirty Years War

(1618

Peace of Augsburg

(1555) A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.

Erasmus

Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

Machiavelli

Italian political theorist whose book The Prince (1513) describes the achievement and maintenance of power by a determined ruler indifferent to moral considerations.

Castiglione

Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art.

Age of Exploration

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.

Treaty of Tordesillas

(1494) divided the Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India and giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west

Magellan

The leader/captain of the first people to circumnavigate the world, led Spanish expedition to Philippines

Columbus

1492, found San Salvador. Sailed to find China

Dias

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Da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497

Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485

Pizarro

A conquistador who in 1532, marched into South America, and conquered the Inca Empire. Atahualpa offered a room filled with gold and twice and silver for his release, but they strangled him

Sugar

Europeans used slave labor to grow a wide range of profitable crops on the islands of the Caribbean; this was the most important and profitable of these crops

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Pininsulares

Spanish colonists that had been born in Spain

Creoles

American

Mulattoes

People of African and European descent

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry

Slave Corps in Ottoman Empire

Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was a legal and important part of the Ottoman Empire's economy and society until the slavery of peoples of the Caucasus was banned in the early 19th century, although slaves from other groups were allowed.

English Civil War

(1642

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688

Dutch Republic

United Provinces of the Netherlands

Decline of Spain

The rise in population coupled with inflation led to a weakening of Spanish industry and emigration. The expulsion of Jews and Moors in 1492 also contributed to the decline, as they were productive members of the economy.

Don Quixote

A comedic book written by Miguel de Cervantes during the Renaissance. The title character is now used to refer to idealists that champion hopeless or fanciful causes.

Frederick William of Prussia

Became emperor of Prussia and promised to grant a liberal Prussian constitution. However he is elected to be the leader of all of Germany, and, upon seeing other revolutions fail, backs out of this revolution. He decides just to go back to an absolutist government.

Peter the Great

(1672

Frederick the Great

(1712

Joseph II

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

Catherine the Great

An enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port.

Ivan the Terrible

(1533

Seven Years War

Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Treaty of Paris

1763 agreement between Briatin and France that ended the French and Indian War, 1783 and a peace treaty between the Us and Britain that recognized the Us as an independent nation

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution

Sir Edmund Burke

An Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist and philosopher who, after moving to England, served for many years in the House of Commons of Great Britain as a member of the Whig party

Abbe Sieyes

A first estater who had enough with the estate system. He joined the third estate in the tennis court oath. Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate."

Scientific Revolution

A new way of thinking about the natural world, based on careful observations, a willingness for people to question accepted beliefs

Galileo

He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.

Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

Brahe

A Danish astronomer who designed and built new instruments for observing the heavens and trained many other astronomers. He rejected heliocentrism despite his discovery of a new star and comet that disproved Aristotle's theory.

Newton

English mathematician and physicist

Enlightenment

18th century movement led by French intellectuals who advocated reason as the universal source of knowledge and truth

French Language

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Salons

Private drawing rooms where wealthy Parisian women would have intellectual discussions with aristocrat

Madame De Chatelet

Did the first and only translation of Newton's Principia Mathematica

Locke

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience

Rousseau

(1712

Hobbes

Materialist. Believed that all phenomena, including man and animals, consist exclusively of particles of matter. Even human consciousness derives from the movement of tiny particles in the brain.

Voltaire

(1694

Montesquieu

"The Spirit of the Laws"; tried to use scientific method to find natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings; identified 3 types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies; invented separation of powers

Moses Mendelssohn

Rewrote the torah in German transliteration. He advocated entering German culture while keeping Jewish law. He was orthodox but had a few reform principles.

Putting Out System

System which was basically an assembly line which made goods easy to manufacture and cheaper to create. Took less time, made guilds obsolete.

Foundling Hospitals

These hospitals in citys such as London and Paris were established to care for thousands of abandoned children.

French Revolution

(1789

Napoleon

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Slavery

A system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, they were also forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time their captured, purchased, or birth and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation.

Adam Smith

(1723

Karl Marx

(1818

Population Growth 1700

First real rise in Europe, better health and water, sewage waste care better, plague gone, small pox vaccination

Medical Practices 1700

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Diets 1700

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Child Rearing 1700

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Baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

Rococo

A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry

Feudal Society

Refers to the social, political, military, and economic system that emerged; The exchange of land for goods and services. Regional prince or lord is dominant, and the highest virtues are trust and fidelity.

Agriculture Economy

Farming, Fishing, Hunting, Natural Lifestyle

Urban Economy

Economy that uses the resources of the city to produce goods and services

Depostism

Government under an absolute rule.

Feudal States

Premodern states in Europe in which power in a territory was divided among multiple and overlapping lords claiming sovereignty

Oligarchies

The government is ruled by an elite few, usually a ruling family or a group of generals. Citizens have very little to no say in government.

Naples

A busy port and the largest city in southern Italy.

Rome

Capital of Italy

Milan

City South of the Alps and North of Rome

Venice

An Italian trading city on the Ariatic Sea, agreed to help the Byzantines' effort to regain the lands in return for trading privileges in Constantinople.

Florence

An Italian city

Giovanni Boccaccio

A student of Petrarch, he was also a pioneer of humanist studies. Authored "Decameron."

Francesco Petrarch

"Father OF Humanism" First person to study actual literary classics and not their secondary commentaries.

Cosimo de Medici

By allying himself with influential people in Florence he became an unofficial ruler himself in the earlyish 15th century son of Giovanni de Medici

Hapsburg Valois

Wars between Charles V and Valois family of France to gain control of Burgandian Netherlands

Nobles

People from rich and powerful families

Clergy

A body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers or rabbis.

Peasants

A farmer with a small farm

Gentry

A class of powerful, well

Townspeople

There were serfs, peasants, merchants, king, nobles, knights, lords. The rise to prominence of this class was one of the most important developments in European society during Medieval Ages.

Feudal Lords

They were the only people with the right to exploit the land, in exchange they pledged obedience to the king.

Brothers of the Common Life

An influential lay religious movement that began in the Netherlands and permitted men and women to live a shared religious life without making formal vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation. If you buy it

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the chuch door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484

John Calvin

(1509

Blaise Pascal

A french mathematician and scientist. He believed that religious faith was necessary because reason alone could not satisfy peoples, hopes and aspiration. Untiy and Truth. wrote Pensees (means to think)

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Reformation Parliament

Used by Henry VIII to end pope's power in England, make him head of church and to grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.