Quiz 2 KRS-353

force

Skeletal Muscles

muscle contraction produces _____ that causes joint movement.

protection, posture, and body heat

Skeletal Muscles

Muscle provide:

__________,__ _____,and ____ ______

600, 40-50%

Skeletal Muscles

Over ___ skeletal muscles, _______ of body weight.

cooperation with each other

Skeletal Muscles

215 pairs of skeletal muscles work in ___________ ____ ____ ____ to perform opposite actions

usual appearance, anatomical location, and function

Muscle Nomenclature

named due by _____ __________, __________ ________, and ________.

ability to exert force

Muscle Shape & Fiber Arrangement

Shape & fiber arrangement affects muscle’s _______ __ _____ _____.

range

Muscle Shape & Fiber Arrangement

Shape & fiber arrangement affects _____ through which it can effectively exert force onto the bones.

exert force

Muscle Shape & Fiber Arrangement

Cross section diameter factor in muscle’s ability to _____ _____.

greater, greater

Muscle Shape & Fiber Arrangement

Cross section diameter factor _______ cross section diameter = _______ force exertion.

Hypotrophy

What is the term used to define increased cross sectional diameter?

greater range

Muscle’s ability to shorten

Longer muscles can shorten through a _______ _____.

large range of motion

Muscle’s ability to shorten

They are more effective in moving joints through _____ _____ __ ______.

Parallel, Pennate

Two major types of muscle fiber arrangement

________ & _______

shape

Two major types of muscle fiber arrangement

each is further subdivided according to _____.

parallel

Parallel muscles

Fibers arranged ________ to length of muscle.

greater range

Parallel muscles

Produce a _______ _____ of movement than similar sized muscles with pennate arrangement.

shapes

Fiber Arrangement - Parallel

Categorized into following ______.

thin, broad

Parallel Fibers

Flat muscles usually ____ & _____, originating from broad, fibrous, sheet-like aponeuroses.

rectus abdominis

Parallel Fibers

Flat muscles examples are external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and ______ _________.

belly

Parallel Fibers

Fusiform muscles are spindle-shaped with a central _____ that tapers to tendons on each end.

small, bony targets

Parallel Fibers

Fusiform muscles allows them to focus their power onto _____, ____ _______.

long parallel manner

Parallel Fibers

Strap muscles are more uniform in diameter with essentially all fibers arranged in a ____ ________ ______.

triangular, convergent

Parallel Fibers

Radiate muscles also described sometimes as being _________, fan-shaped, or __________.

surrounds

Parallel Fibers

Sphincter or circular muscles _________ openings & function to close them upon contraction.

orbicularis oris

Parallel Fibers

Sphincter or circular muscles examples such as __________ ____ surrounding the mouth.

shorter

Alternate Fiber Arrangement - Pennate Muscles

have _______ fibers.

obliquely, feather

Alternate Fiber Arrangement - Pennate Muscles

arranged _________ to their tendons in a manner similar to a _______.

sectional area, power

Alternate Fiber Arrangement - Pennate Muscles

arrangement increases the _________ ____ of the muscle, thereby increasing the _____

fibers, tendon

Pennate Fiber Arrangement

Categorized based upon the exact arrangement between ______ & ______.

on one side only

Unipennate muscles

Fibers run obliquely from a tendon __ ___ ____ ____.

on both sides, central

Bipennate muscles

fibers run obliquely __ ____ _____ from a _______ tendon.

several, diagonally

Multipennate muscles

Have _______ tendons with fibers running __________ between them.

produce force, movement

Muscle Tissue Properties

Skeletal muscle tissue has 4 properties related to its ability to _______ _____ & ________ about joints.

sensitive or responsive

Muscle Tissue Properties - 1

Excitability (Irritability)

Property of muscle being _________ __ __________ to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli.

tension, force

Muscle Tissue Properties - 2

Contractility

Ability of muscle to contract & develop _______ or internal _____ against resistance when stimulated.

stretched

Muscle Tissue Properties - 3

Extensibility

Ability of muscle to be _________ beyond resting length.

return to original length

Muscle Tissue Properties - 4

Elasticity

Ability to ______ __ ________ ______ (resting state) and shape after contraction or lengthening.

Recoil

“______” → protective mechanism

strain rate, time

Muscle Tissue Properties - 4

Viscoelasticity

This gives the substance a ______ ____ dependence on ____.

change in shapes, time

Strain rate

Strain refers to the deformation or ______ __ ______ of a material with respect to ____.

heat energy

Loss of “____ ______” in muscle

loses energy

Loss of “heat energy” in muscle

A viscoelastic substance _____ ______ when a load is applied and then removed.

Intrinsic

Intrinsic & Extrinsic

_________ - pertaining usually to muscles within or belonging solely to body part upon which they act.

Extrinsic

Intrinsic & Extrinsic

_________ - pertaining usually to muscles that arise or originate outside of (proximal to) body part upon which they act.

group of muscles

Action

Usually caused by a _____ __ _______ working together.

stimulus

Innervation

Segment of nervous system defined as being responsible for providing a ________ to muscle fibers.

Motor Neurons

Innervation

Muscles are innervated by Alpha _____ _______.

more than one, more than one

A muscle may be innervated by ____ ____ ___ nerve & particular nerve may innervate ____ ____ ___ muscle or portion of a muscle.

Range

Amplitude

_____ of muscle fiber length between maximal & minimal lengthening.

belly or center

Gaster

The _____ __ ______ of the muscle.

contractile

Gaster

the ___________ portion of muscle.

pull both ends

Gaster

When a particular muscle contracts it tends to ____ ____ ____ toward the “gaster”.

Proximal, least movable

The Origin of the muscle

________ attachment, generally considered then _____ _______ part or the part that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body.

exert force

Importance of Stabilization for the application of muscle contraction

Muscles can only _____ _____ and cause limb movement if one end remains stable.

most movable part

The Insertion of the Muscle

This is the distal attachment, generally considered the ____ _______ ____ or the part that attaches farthest from the midline or center of the body.

neither, move toward each other

If _______ of the bones to which a muscle is attached are stabilized the both bones ____ ______ ____ _____ upon contraction.

more stabilized

For motion to occur:

more commonly → one bone is more stabilized by a variety of factors and the less stabilized bone usually moves toward the ____ __________ bone upon contraction.

scapula, radius

For motion to occur:

Examples: biceps curl exercise

biceps brachii muscle in arm has its origin (least movable bone) on _______ and its insertion (most movable bone) on ______.

reversed

For motion to occur:

Examples

In some movements this process can be ________, Ex. pull up.

Isometric, Isotonic (Isoinertial), Isokinetic

Types of muscle contraction

All muscle contractions fall into the following categories:


1. _________
2. ________ (___________)
3. __________

constant

Isometric contractions

Tensions is developed within muscle but joint angles remain ________.

Static

Isometric contractions

______ contractions

cause or control

Isotonic (Isoinertial) contractions

Involve muscle developing tension to either _____ __ _______ joint movement.

Dynamic

Isotonic (Isoinertial) contractions

_______ contractions

change

Isotonic (Isoinertial) contractions

The varying degrees of tension in muscles are causing joint angles to ______.

concentric, eccentric, shortening, lengthening

Isotonic (Isoinertial) contractions

Isotonic contractions are either __________ or _________ on the basis of whether __________ or ___________ occurs.

shortens

Concentric contractions

Concentric contractions involve muscle developing tensions as it ________.

overcome applied resistance

Concentric contractions

Occurs when muscle develops enough force to ________ _______ _________.

against

Concentric contractions

Causes movement _______ gravity or resistance.

positive

Concentric contractions

Described as being a ________ contraction.

lengthens

Eccentric contractions

Muscle _________ under tension.

negative

Eccentric contractions

Described as a ________ contraction.

less

Eccentric contractions

Force developed by the muscle is ____ than that of the resistance.

direction

Eccentric contractions

Results in the joint angle changing in the _________ of the resistance or external force.

with

Eccentric contractions

Causes body part to move ____ gravity or external forces (resistance).

muscle action

Eccentric contractions

Some refer to this as ______ ______ instead of a contraction since the muscle is lengthening as opposed to shortening.

speed, constant

Isokinetic contractions

A type of dynamic where the _____ (or velocity) of movement is ________.

movement

Isokinetic contractions

Muscular contraction (ideally maximum contraction) occurs throughout ________.

without

Passive muscle contractions

Movement may occur at any given joint _______ any muscle contraction whatsoever.

external forces

Passive muscle contractions

Due to ________ ______ such as those applied by another person, object, or resistance or the force of gravity in the presence of muscle relaxation.

contracting concentrically

Agonists

cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion when ___________ ______________

primary or prime

Agonists

known as _______ __ _____ movers, or muscles most involved

opposite side

Antagonists

located on ________ ____ of joint agonists

contralateral

Antagonists

known as _____________ muscles

cooperation

Antagonists

work in ___________ with agonist muscles by relaxing and allowing movement.

eccentrically

Antagonists

can contract ______________

surround

Stabilizers

________ joint or body part

stabilize, exert, move

stabilizers

contract to fixate or _________ the area to enable another limb or body segment to _____ force and ____

fixators

Stabilizers

known as ________

distal

Stabilizers

Essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the mire ______ joints to work from when carrying out movements.

Assist, agonists

Synergists

______ in action of ________

guiding

Synergists

known as _______ muscles

refined

Synergists

assist in _______ movements.

counteract

Neutralizers

__________ or neutralize the action of another muscle to prevent movements in the undesirable planes of motions

eccentrically

Neutralizers

contract _____________

different directions, movement, stability

Force Coupling

When two or more forces pull in _________ __________ to contribute to a ________ and provide joint _________

upward rotation of scapula

contribution of trapezius and serratus anterior (inferior fibers) to cause ______ ________ __ _______

joint position, muscle length

Tying Roles of Muscles All Together

Actions actually performed depend upon several factors:

_____ ________

______ ______

synergy

Tying Roles of Muscles All Together

two muscles may work in _______ by counteracting their opposing actions to accomplish a common action

agonists

Example of muscle roles in kicking a ball

muscles primarily responsible for hip flexion and knee extension are ________