Sports Psychology

Test 1

What is sports psychology?

The study of the effect of psychological and emotional factors on sport and exercise performance and the effect of sport and expertise involvement on psychological and emotional factors

Which psychology disciplines impact sport and excerise psychology?

Cognitive, clinical and counselling, psychological, social, developmental and health

What is the aim of applied sports psychology?

TO use psychosocial principles, techniques or strategies and interventions to help individuals, teams and organizations improve performance

what are two key issues in a health and excersize setting?

Behaviour change and maintaining physical activity

What are some technics or strategies?

Goal setting, Imagery, self talk, relaxation, meditation, hypnosis

What are some skills to learn?

Self-confidence, intrinsic motivation, attentional motivation, attentional control (focus), Intensity regulation (arousal control, anxiety control), general self awareness

Why participate in sport and exercise?

Physical health, psychological health, sensation seeking, fan interest/ fandom

What motivates young children to do sport?

experimentation, unusual activities. parental support, safe environment

What are some barriers for young children to do sports?

Competitive setting, highly structured activities

What motivates teens and young women to do sport?

body shape, weight management, new coil networks, family support, peer support

what are some barriers for teens and young women doing sport?

Negative experience in school, peer pressure, identity conflict, PE uniforms, boys dominance in class, lack of teacher support

What motivates adults to do sport?

Sense of achievement, skill development, medical sanction, support networks, enjoyment

What barriers keeping adults from doing sport?

Negative school experience, anxiety in unfamiliar surrounds, lack of social network, identity conflict, lack of role models

what motivates older adults to do sport?

Social support, health benefits, enjoyment

What are barriers keeping older adults from doing sport?

Unclear guidance, lack of role models

When did organized youth sports emerge?

During the 20th century when the church set up sporting programs to masculinize boys to become leaders in society. Girls interests in sport were ignored until the 1970s

What are some major trends in youth sport today?

\-Major cutbacks and increasingly privatized

\-increasingly emphasize the performace

\-increased parental involvement

\-increase participation in alternative sports

\- emphasis on participation for all

When was the official birth of sports psychology?

in 1965, during the first international congress of posts psychology held in Rome

Who is considered the father of sports psychology in Europe?

Perre de Coubertin- French education and president of IOC.

Who is Norman Triplett?

Conducted the first experiment in sports psychology on the facts of pace-making and competition

Who is Coleman Roberts Griffith?

Established the first sports psychology lab at the university of Illinois. Father of American sports psych, taught the first college psych couse

\----Who is bruce Ogilvie?

Wrote an influential book on personality and motivation. Father of applied sport psych in North America

\----Who is dr, rikk alderman?

Established the first PhD program in the country at the University of Alberta

Who is Dr. Albert Carron

Did an influential research program on group cohesion and group dynamics

Who is Dorothy Harris?

Mother of applied sport psych. Borugh woman’s issues to the forefront

What were some key events during the 1980s?

Association for the advancement of applied sport psych founded. US Olympic sport psych registry established. Sport psych education include the nation coaching certification program

What are some key events in sports psych since the 1990s?

expansion of the field in universities, offer a graduate program in Canadian uni’s, Canadian mental training registry established, Association for applied sports psych creates certified consultant designation

What is sports psych like in britain?

Sprot and excercise psych widespread in uni

What is sport psych like in Australia?

Psychology depts. co-operate to offer sport science graduate programs

What is sports psych like in Asia?

Lead the study of applied sport and other sport sciences.

What is sport psych like in africa/ Central America?

slow development

What is psotivite psychology?

focuses on wellness, not just the disease. Benifits performance enhancement and lead to strengthening psychological resiliency

What is evidence based practice?

Based upon good science. context such as client characteristics, cultural background, and treatment preferences need to be considered. best available research evidence

What are two careers in sports psychology?

Teaching and research and applied/consulting (clinical and counselling)

What degrees do sport psychologists work in?

sport sciences, human kinetics/ kinesiology, psych, physical eduction

where do sport psychologists teach?

University (underground and grad) and college students and supervising student projects (dissertations)

sometimes provide educational services to community and port organizations

How do sport psychologists conduct research?

study the effects of psychological, affective and behaviour facts on sport performance. Also health and wellbeing

What do clinical psychologists focus on?

Assessing and rehabilitating series psychological dysfunctions. Sports psychologists

What do counselling psychologists focusing?

Helping peoples with adjustment and or developing and/or development problems

they become sport psychology consultants

What are clinical psychologists?

Educated in psychology departments. Deal with various problems and personality disorders. Licensed psychologists or psychiatrists. Have additional training in sport/exercise.

What are counselling psychologists?

Background in psychology, or sport and exercise sciences. extensive training in sport psychology. Serve as mental trainers/ consultants to athletes, coaches and parents. Terms like mental skills trainer and exercise psychology consultant and sport sciences consultant used.

What is the job description of counselling services?

Workshops and group and individuals consultants. Develop and implement psychology skills and training programs, helps clients get peak performance, consistency and overall wellbeing. Help organizations intergrade sport psych, solution focus and evidence based

How can sport psych be applied to other domains?

Can be put in everyday tasks, used by business executives and employees, pilots, musicians, etc

What are the research methods (3)?

experimental, non-experimental & qualitative, and correlational

How is most scientific research carried out?

1)describe/ explore 2)understand/explain 3)predict 4)control change

What is the difference between cognitive vs somatic anxiety?

cognitive = mental component of anxiety. somatic= physical component of anxiety

What is the process of the scientific method?

1. Theory --- organizes findings (facts), explains phenomena and predicts behaviour
2. Hypthesis--- testable predictions based on theory (allows for observations)
3. Test/verification (experiments and observations)

What are the advantages to the experimental research basics?

Control of variables, establishes causation, high reliability and validity

What are the disadvantages to experimental research basics?

Particular environmental and situational cues may be either underestimated or non existent in the artificial setting of a lab

What is a single subject experimental design?

Within and between subject comparison. Links research with applied practice. Assess casual relationship between IV and DV

What are the advantages to single subject experimental designs?

Observation of individual participants behaviour prior to any experimental condition. Detection of small effects. Result have practical importance

What are the disadvantages to single subject experimental designs?

Findings are based on a single case. Uncontrolled extraneous variables in the field. Careful with cause and effects statements

What is the design of a single subject study?

Takes multiple control tests/ performance measures before treatment

during intervention, subjects are measured using the same tests.

If multiple subjects, the interventioncan be given at different points in time for each subject

What are the advantages to non experimental and qualitative research?

detailed and in-depth descriptions, natural setting, contextual details and situational facts of complex and dynamic processes

What are the disadvantages to non experimental and qualitative research?

Establishing and assessing reliability and validity can be a challenge, personal bias, time consuming, generalization of results can be difficult

what is a case study?

an in-depth study of one individual or team. eg. study an elite golfer over a series of tournaments

What are the stengths’s of case studies?

a good starting point of what can happen, adaptability to research questions, study a (unique) phenomena in detail and multiple sources of evidence

what are the weaknesses of case study?

selection bias (choice of case), no control over variables, time consuming, and overgeneralization

What is a naturalistic and participant observation?

either just watching or actively involved in some capacity, natural setting, no manipulation of setting, behaviour or event

What Is the aim of naturalistic/ participant observation?

describe behaviour. observational designs can be used in both applied and research settings

what are some advantages to naturalistic and participant obersitation?

rich data, textured material, captures important nuances and complexities of behaviour

What are the disadvantages of naturalistic and participant observation?

coding and analysis of data are not properly defined. Observer bias. Informed consent may be problematic

What are psych tests, inventories and scales?

Standardized or researcher constructed data collection instruments designed to measure personality, aptitude, achievement, and performance

What are the strengths of psych tests, inventories and scales?

quantitative data, wide range available, ease of data analysis, can be administered in groups, have strong psychometric properties

What are the weaknesses of psych tests, inventories and scales?

not always psychometrically sound or standardized. Much not be appropriate for a context. participant effects. Non response to selective items

What are interviews?

Most common approach in post psychology. Captures the participants viewpoint in a particular setting

What types of interviews are there?

Structured, unstructured, semi structures, individual vs group

What are strengths for interviews?

Allows for probes and posing follow-up questions by interviewer. In depth and Ruch data. useful for exploratory research

What are weaknesses to interviews?

Time consuming. participant or researcher effects, interviews might not recall important info and/or lack of self awareness

What is archival data?

Includes documents, raw data and archived research data

What are weaknesses to archival data?

unobtrusive, inexpensive, often based on large sample, ease of data analysis, and useful for triangulation

What are weaknesses to archival data?

Might be incomplete, access may be limited/generalized, and data might be dated

What are the levels of the peak performance pyramid?

(Tip to base) Peak performance, mental (%% of skills) tactical, technical, physical

What is the types of confidence?

Global confidence, trait sport confidence, sport confidence, situation specific self confidence (self-efficacy)

What is global confidence?

A personality trait/ disposition to be a self confident person

What is trait sport confidence?

A personality trait/ disposition to be a self-confident about ones sporting/athletic ability across a wide range of sports

what is sport confidence?

an athletes perception of confidence in a sport related achievement situation

What is a situation specific self confidence?

The belief that you can successfully perform a desired behaviour

What are the attributes of confidence?

Affect, behaviour, cognition

What do the letters mean?

Affect, Behavioural patters, Cognition

What are some attributes of confidence?

Can be unstable (damaged, built, or destroyed by events). Allows an athlete to move from conscious control to automaticity. within control. Influenced by performance

What are 5 common misconceptions about confidence?

1. Either you have it or you dont. 2. only positive feed back can build it. 3. success always builds confidence. 4. confidence equals outspoken arrogance. 5. mistakes inevitably destroy confidence

Who invented the self-efficacy model of self confidence?

Bandura

Who invented the multidimensional model of sport confidence?

Vealey

What are some underlying assumptions about the self efficacy theory?

people are goal directed, people are capable of rational design making. People are capable of self regulation

What is the self efficacy theory?

Determines what challenges people undertake. determines effort level. How thin they will percsevere, determines how much stress they will endure when facing adversity and failure.

What goes where

1. performance accomshment 2. vicarious experiences 3. verbal persuasion 4. emotional arousal

What are the types of sport confidence?

1. cognitive efficiency. 2. physical skills and trying. 3. resilience

What are sources of sport confidence?

Achievement, self regulation, and social climate

What are the the two ways to measure and assess self confidence?

sport confidence profiling. Pen and paper/ electronic inventories

What are the stages of sport confidence profiling?

Stage 1- introduction

stage 2- elicit construts

stage 3- assessment

What are the key attributes of SCP?

!> increases self awarness

2\.understand individuals perception of confidence

3\.able to discuss confidence and get indepth info

4\.Tailor PST to other athletes perceived needs

What is overconfidence?

Inaccurate and overinflated belief about their athletic abilities and chances of success

What are some outcomes of optimal levels of self-confidence?

Positive affect. Improved focus and cognition. Handle mistakes in a positive manner. Linked to productive achievement behaviour. Successful performance under pressure. enjoyment

What are some strategies enhance confidence acting?

acting confidently, performance accomplishments

What are some strategies enhance confidence self-regulation?

Self talk, imagery, goal mapping

What are some strategies enhance confidence Quality physical training?

Best shape you can be in. Devlopment of physical skill. Proper physical preparation

What are some strategies enhance confidence highlingt journal and success log?

Gain self awareness. Record things you do successfully/ correctly

What is energy?

Strength, intensity and persistence

What is direction?

Gives our behaviour purpose