US History Final

us policies towards neutrality

neutrality acts; 4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

stimson doctrine

us policy calling for the non-recognition of international territorial changes that were executed by force

japan leader

emperor hirohito and general hideki tojo

germany leader

adolf hitler

italy leader

benito mussolini

soviet leader

josef stalin

manchurian incident

situation in 1931 when japanese troops, claiming that chinese soldiers had tried to blow up a railway line, took matters into their own hands by capturing several southern manchurian cities, and by continuing to take over the country even after chinese troops had withdrawn

germany invades czechoslovakia & austria

germany invaded czechoslovakia and austria but other countries ignored it to appease them; also invaded poland, breaking their agreement, so britain and france declared war, starting ww2

italy invades ethiopia

mussolini attacks this country in his quest for power
in october 1935

axis powers

germany, italy, japan

nonaggression pact

secret agreement between german leader hitler and soviet leader stalin not to attack one another and to divide poland

how did the war progress from 1939 through the end of 1941

The Soviet Union invades Poland from the east; nazi germany invades poland; spanish civil war ends making them more susceptible to invasion; japan bombs pearl harbor

lend-lease act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the us

atlantic charter

pledge signed by US president FDR and british prime minister winston churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of world war 2 and to work for peace after the war

pearl harbor

united states military base on hawaii that was bombed by japan, bringing the united states into world war 2; pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

declaration of war

On December 11, 1941, Congress approved a resolution declaring war with Germany. The Senate unanimously approved the resolution, 88-0

allied strategy

consisted of first going through north africa and then sicily and then conquering italy; once in control of italy they planned to invade france (d-day); once in control of france they planned a direct march to germany and after germany's surrender, to focus their troops on capturing japanese islands to prepare for a direct invasion and capture of tokyo

how did the war progress from 1942 through april 1945

Soviet forces halted the German advance at Stalingrad on the Volga River and in the Caucasus. After this defeat, German troops were forced on the defensive; Germans begin a U-boat offensive along east coast of USA; us begins island hopping offensive and drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima and nagasaki

island hopping

the american navy attacked islands held by the japanese in the pacific ocean; the capture of each successive island from the japanese brought the american navy closer to an invasion of japan

how did the war progress in the pacific

Though the June 1942 Battle of Midway is often seen as the turning point of the war in the Pacific, the Solomon Islands campaign, including the Battle of Guadalcanal, was equally pivotal.

atomic bombs

the united states dropped atomic bombs on the japanese cities of hiroshima and nagasaki; led the japanese to surrender and helped bring an end to world war 2

opposition to world war 2

midwest and west adamantly opposed to preparedness, fearing it would soon lead to US involvement in the war; included populists, progressives, socialists, william jennings bryan, jane addams, jeannette rankin

women in world war 2

worked in factories and industries making war materialspost war - worked in the homes and many did not have jobs, if they did have jobs then they were paid less than men

minorities in world war 2

ethnic minorities served in the US armed forces during ww2; all citizens were equally subject to the draft; minorities believed that upon return they would be given the same praise and more rights, but were sadly mistaken

a phillip randolph

america's leading black labor leader who called for a march on washington DC to protest factories' refusals to hire african americans, which eventually led to FDR issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries

nanjing massacre

the murder and rape of as many as 300,000 chinese men, women, and children by japanese troops; lasted 6 weeks; the japanese gained complete control over the city and the chinese population in the region; once gaining control, the mass murder and rapes stopped and the safety zone was ended

firebombing of dresden

a joint british and american aerial bombing attack on the city of dresden; cut off lines of communication that would have hurt the soviet advancement; 135,000 were killed; destroyed the city and left american pow's traumatized

japanese-american internment camps

anti-japanese sentiment; "needed for national security"; japenese americans, often nisei (second generation americans with no connection to japan) were targeted

korematsu vs us

a 1944 supreme court decision that upheld the internment of more than 100,000 americans of japanese descent in encampments during world war 2 as constitutional

holocaust

a methodical plan orchestrated by hitler to ensure german supremacy; it called for the elimination of jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-aryans, and mentally and physically disabled

escalation of persecution

From 1933 to 1938 the Nazis introduced legislation to deny Jews their freedom and restrict their rights; segregation \> destruction of business \> ghettos \> concentration camps \> death camps

jewish refugees

germans wanted to make life as difficult as possible so jews would be forced to emigrate; countries around the world were putting caps on their refugees; france, britain, and palestine each took around 50,000; america took 100000 even though americans were concerned immigrants would take american jobs during a depression

plight of st louis

st. louis was a german ship headed to cuba & turned away; passed miami in 1939; 740 of 943 refugees had immigration papers, the coast guard prevented anyone from disembarking in the us; more than half would later be killed in the holocaust

why did the us and soviets clash

competed over money and natural resources like oil, over allies, over weapons technology, over influence and prestige, over space exploration, over ideas, and over control of berlin

yalta vs potsdam conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war////The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

george kennan

american diplomat who stressed the need to contain communism within its current borders

truman doctrine

president truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

marshall plan

a plan for aiding the european nations in economic recovery after world war 2 in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism

iron curtain

winston churchill's term for the cold war division between the soviet-dominated east and the us-dominated west; restricted their ability to travel outside their own regions

division of germany

in 1947, germany got divided into 4 zones controlled by the us, great britian, france and russia

berlin airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west berlin when the russians closed off land access to berlin

NATO

north atlantic treaty organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; us, england, france, canada, and other western european countries

warsaw pact

an alliance between the soviet union and other eastern european nations; this was in response to NATO

chinese civil war

war between communist mao zedong and nationalist chaing-kai shek; the communists took over and forced the nationalists to retreat to taiwan

korea post world war 2

Korea - which had formerly been occupied by the Japanese - was divided along the 38th parallel

korean war

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.
MacArthur, who commanded the troops of the United Nations, wanted to use American air power to attack the People's Republic of China. Truman refused, fearing that an American attack on China would bring the Soviet Union into the war.

loyalty review board

federal board set up by president truman that checked up on government workers, and dismissed those found to be communist

the house committee on un-american activities

created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having communist ties

mccarthy blacklist

list of people or products viewed with suspicion or disapproval.
McCarthy used to try to ruin people he suspected of communism, specifically members of hollywood

mccarthyism

term associated with senator mccarthy who led the search for communists in america during the early 1950s; the army-mccarthy hearings ultimately became the main catalyst in mccarthy's downfall from political power

economic impacts post world war 2

gross national product (GNP), which measured all goods and services produced, skyrocketed to $300 billion by 1950, compared to just $200 billion in 1940; by 1960, it had topped $500 billion, firmly establishing the united states as the richest and most powerful nation in the world

social impacts post world war 2

because of World War II, we saw the roots of the civil rights movement, the women's rights movement, widespread college education, and health insurance benefits

political impacts post world war 2

following the close of ww2, a wave of anti-communist sentiment swept the united states, called the red scare and sometimes mccarthyism, after senator joseph mccarthy; this tidal wave of anti-communism peaked between 1947 to 1953

tv

- increased from 9% to 90%
- reinforced racist & misogynistic stereotypes

rock & roll

- chuck barry & elvis presley gained popularity
- talked about teenage topics and problems

beat culture

- young poets & musicians
- resisted "the system"

family dynamics

the standard structure of the family in postwar america consisted of a breadwinner male, his wife who did household chores and looked after the children, and the children themselves; families ate meals and went on outings together, and lived in sociable neighborhoods

suburbia

middle class; white flight from urban areas due to black migration; government supported insurance for homeowners and builders

white flight/urban renewal

- working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs
- program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers

advertisements

increased wave of american consumerism; ads for detergent, kitchen appliances, TV dinners and large-finned cars dominated the airwaves

planned obsolescence

increased wave of american consumerism; ads for detergent, kitchen appliances, TV dinners and large-finned cars dominated the airwaves

taft-hartley act

act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practice

1948 election

Dewey ran a low-risk campaign and largely avoided directly criticizing Truman; truman won

fair deal

truman's extension of the new deal that increased the federal minimum wage, expanded social security, and constructed low-income housing

eisenhower political policy

supported a policy of "modern republicanism" that occupied a middle ground between liberal democrats and the conservative wing of the republican party; eisenhower continued new deal programs, expanded social security, and prioritized a balanced budget over tax cuts

i like ike!

1952 republican campaign playing on the popularity of war-hero candidate eisenhower

eisenhower answers america

in the 1952 presidential election, eisenhower aired the first ad campaigns on television; the ads featured "everyday" americans asking questions about the issues of the day \-- the war in korea, inflation, high taxes, etc; this helped him win the election

1960 election

vice president nixon ran against kennedy; kennedy won popular vote narrowly on the basis of civil rights; first presidential election with the new states of alaska and hawaii, and the first where both candidates were born in the 20th century

jfk domestic policy

new frontier: space race-increased funding, aid underprivileged (raise minimum wage, expand social security); envisioned programs to fight to cover a wide array of americans (civil rights, education, elderly)

bay of pigs

an unsuccessful invasion of cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the united states; its purpose was to overthrow cuban dictator fidel castro

cuban missile crisis

the 1962 confrontation between the US and the soviet union over soviet missiles in cuba

berlin crisis

standoff between khrushchev and kennedy over control of west germany; west germany stays under us control, but khrushchev builds the berlin wall as a result

jfk's new frontier

jfk passed measures to boost the economy (deficit spending), build national defense (20% increase for nuclear weapons), provide international aid (peace corps), fund space programs (creation of nasa), and domestic issues (civil rights bill)

jfk assassination

JFK assassinated in dallas, texas on november 22, 1963 by lee harvey oswald; oswald was then shot by jack ruby when being transferred between jails; the warren commission was created to investigate the crime

lbj domestic policy

the great society: sought to increase economic and educational opportunities for all peoplewar on poverty: laid the foundation for our modern-day safety net, including food stamps, medicare, medicaid, head start, and expanded social security

1964 election

LBJ ran against barry goldwater; LBJ won in a landslide victory

the great society

a domestic program in the administration of president lyndon b johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs

lbj impacts

wrestled with social justice, war, and unrest; he contributed to economic growth and prosperity

history of segregation

emmett till

whistled at a white woman and was later beaten and killed by the woman's husband; his murderers were tried and found innocent

thurgood marshall

NAACP legal counsel and the first african-american supreme court justice

brown vs board of education

1954 court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional; overturned plessy v ferguson (1896)

little rock nine

1957 - governor faubus sent the arkansas national guard to prevent nine black students from entering little rock central high school; eisenhower sent in us paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class

ole miss integration

A riot fought between Southern segregationist civilians and federal and state forces as a result of the forced enrollment of black student James Meredith at the University of Mississippi

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

congress of racial equality

(CORE) Civil rights organization started in 1944 and best known for its "freedom rides," bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961.

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement; primarily college students

lunch counter sit-ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

montgomery bus boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

freedom riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

children's crusade in birmingham

students marches to speak to the mayor about segregation; were arrested and attacked by firehoses and dogs

march on washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

selma

King organized this major demonstration in Alabama to press for the right of blacks to register to vote. Selma sheriff led local police in a televised brutal attack on demonstrators. Two northern white marchers were murdered, and the outrage that came after helped LBJ pass the Civil Rights Act of 1965.

voting rights act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

de facto vs de jure segregation

de jure segregation is segregation enforced by law, and de facto segregation is segregation enforced by society through habits.

urban violence

Large violent fights in cities between white police officers and black citizens.

malcolm x

Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.

black power

A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

black panthers

a militant African-American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto

civil rights act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin