Chapter 4
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201 Terms
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TISSUE
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is a group of cells having similar origin that work together to perform a specific function
is a group of cells having similar origin that work together to perform a specific function
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• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
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o Widespread throughout the body
o Widespread throughout the body
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• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
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o Composed almost entirely of cells
o Composed almost entirely of cells
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• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
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o Form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
o Form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
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• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
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o Cells are mostly compact and tightly fitted together
o Cells are mostly compact and tightly fitted together
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• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
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o Tissue forms lining of organs or body cavities
o Tissue forms lining of organs or body cavities
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• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
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o Supported by fibrous connective tissue
o Supported by fibrous connective tissue
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• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
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o Tissues are non-vascular but with nerve innervations
o Tissues are non-vascular but with nerve innervations
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• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
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o Lost cells are rapidly replaced by cell division
o Lost cells are rapidly replaced by cell division
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• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
• __EPITHELIAL TISSUE__
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o The underside of the tissue is mostly attached to connective tissues by a __Basement Membrane__
o The underside of the tissue is mostly attached to connective tissues by a __Basement Membrane__
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o When the cells are organized in more than one layer, it is called
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o When the cells are organized in more than one layer, it is called
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__Stratified Epithelium__
__Stratified Epithelium__
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Squamous
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when cells are flat and irregular
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when cells are flat and irregular
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When the cells are arranged in a single layer, it is called
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__Simple__ __Epithelium__
__Simple__ __Epithelium__
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Cuboidal
when cells are cube shaped
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Columnar
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when cells are elongated like columns
when cells are elongated like columns
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__Epithelial tissue__
__Epithelial tissue__
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o Functions: protection, absorption, secretion, sensation, etc.
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o Functions: protection, absorption, secretion, sensation, etc.
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• __Simple Squamous Epithelium__
• __Simple Squamous Epithelium__
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o Single layer, flat cells with disc shaped nuclei
o Single layer, flat cells with disc shaped nuclei
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• __Simple Squamous Epithelium__
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o Cells are compact
o Cells are compact
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• __Simple Squamous Epithelium__
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o Provides protection for underlying tissues
o Provides protection for underlying tissues
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• __Simple Squamous Epithelium__
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o Helps in diffusion and filtration
o Helps in diffusion and filtration
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• __Simple Squamous Epithelium__
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o Provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems for lymph and blood flow
o Provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems for lymph and blood flow
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• __Simple Squamous Epithelium__
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o Mainly found in the lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, lung alveoli, wall of blood capillaries, membranes that line the body cavities, etc.
o Mainly found in the lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, lung alveoli, wall of blood capillaries, membranes that line the body cavities, etc.
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• __Simple Cuboidal Epithelium__
• __Simple Cuboidal Epithelium__
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o Single layer cube shaped cells with large, spherical central nuclei o Mainly found in the lining of ovaries, kidney tubules, duct of secretory portions of various small glands
o Single layer cube shaped cells with large, spherical central nuclei o Mainly found in the lining of ovaries, kidney tubules, duct of secretory portions of various small glands
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• __Simple Cuboidal Epithelium__
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o Functions: protection, secretion, absorption, etc.
o Functions: protection, secretion, absorption, etc.
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• __Simple Columnar Epithelium__
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• __Simple Columnar Epithelium__
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o Single layer of elongated cells with oval nuclei
o Single layer of elongated cells with oval nuclei
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• __Simple Columnar Epithelium__
• __Simple Columnar Epithelium__
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o Non-ciliated type lines digestive tract and gallbladder
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o Non-ciliated type lines digestive tract and gallbladder
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• __Simple Columnar Epithelium__
• __Simple Columnar Epithelium__
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o Ciliated type lines upper respiratory tract, small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
o Ciliated type lines upper respiratory tract, small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
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• __Simple Columnar Epithelium__
• __Simple Columnar Epithelium__
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o Goblet cells are often found in this layer
o Goblet cells are often found in this layer
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• __Simple Columnar Epithelium__
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o Mainly found in the lining of digestive tract, uterus, upper part of respiratory tract, etc.
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o Mainly found in the lining of digestive tract, uterus, upper part of respiratory tract, etc.
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• __Simple Columnar Epithelium__
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o Functions: protection, mucus secretion, mucus movement, egg movement, enzyme secretion, absorption, etc.
o Functions: protection, mucus secretion, mucus movement, egg movement, enzyme secretion, absorption, etc.
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• __Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium__
• __Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium__
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o Single layer cells with different heights and some don’t reach the free surface
o Single layer cells with different heights and some don’t reach the free surface
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• __Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium__
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o Nuclei are located at different layers
o Nuclei are located at different layers
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• __Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium__
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o Tissue appears to be in multiple layers
o Tissue appears to be in multiple layers
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• __Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium__
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o Mainly found in the respiratory passages (ciliated) and sperm carrying duct of male reproductive system (non-ciliated)
o Mainly found in the respiratory passages (ciliated) and sperm carrying duct of male reproductive system (non-ciliated)
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• __Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium__
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o Functions: protection, mucus secretion, mucus movement, etc.
o Functions: protection, mucus secretion, mucus movement, etc.
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• __Stratified Squamous__ `Epithelium`
• __Stratified Squamous__ `Epithelium`
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o Many layers of flat cells
o Many layers of flat cells
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• __Stratified Squamous__ `Epithelium`
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o Cells are compact
o Cells are compact
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• __Stratified Squamous__ `Epithelium`
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o Mainly found in the lining of skin, mouth, throat, vagina, anal canal, etc.
o Mainly found in the lining of skin, mouth, throat, vagina, anal canal, etc.
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• __Stratified Squamous__ `Epithelium`
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o Cells may be keratinized – as found in skin
o Cells may be keratinized – as found in skin
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• __Stratified Squamous__ `Epithelium`
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o Function: protection
o Function: protection
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• __Stratified Columnar Epithelium__
• __Stratified Columnar Epithelium__
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o Many layers of cells
o Many layers of cells
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• __Stratified Columnar Epithelium__
• __Stratified Columnar Epithelium__
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o Upper layer cells are elongated
o Upper layer cells are elongated
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• __Stratified Columnar Epithelium__
• __Stratified Columnar Epithelium__
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o Lower layer cells are cuboidal
o Lower layer cells are cuboidal
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• __Stratified Columnar Epithelium__
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o Mainly found in some areas of pharynx, male reproductive system, etc.
o Mainly found in some areas of pharynx, male reproductive system, etc.
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• __Stratified Columnar Epithelium__
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o Function: protection
o Function: protection
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• __Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium__
• __Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium__
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o Two – three layers of cube shaped cells
o Two – three layers of cube shaped cells
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• __Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium__
• __Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium__
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o Lines the wall of a lumen
o Lines the wall of a lumen
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• __Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium__
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o Cells are compact
o Cells are compact
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• __Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium__
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o Mainly found in the lining of ducts of sweat gland, salivary gland, pancreas, mammary gland, etc.
o Mainly found in the lining of ducts of sweat gland, salivary gland, pancreas, mammary gland, etc.
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• __Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium__
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o Functions: protection, diffusion, filtration, etc.
o Functions: protection, diffusion, filtration, etc.
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• __Trasitional Epithelium__
• __Trasitional Epithelium__
In response to increased tension, these cells can change their shape
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• __Trasitional Epithelium__
Cells are mostly cube shaped or dome shaped under normal condition
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• __Trasitional Epithelium__
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Under increased tension, they become flat allowing distention of the bladder
Under increased tension, they become flat allowing distention of the bladder
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• __Trasitional Epithelium__
Mostly found in the lining of uterus, urinary bladder, urethra, etc.
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• __Trasitional Epithelium__
Functions: protection, preventing reverse diffusion in the urinary bladder and urethra, etc.
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• __Glandular Epithelium__
• __Glandular Epithelium__
Composed of specialized cells to secrete various substances
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• __Glandular Epithelium__
Mainly found within the cells of the columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells
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• __Glandular Epithelium__
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o Constitutes endocrine and exocrine glands
o Constitutes endocrine and exocrine glands
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Merocrine
when products are secreted by exocytosis (e.g., pancreas, sweat, salivary glands, etc.)
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Holocrine
when products are secreted by the rupture of gland cells (e.g., sebaceous glands)
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• __Glandular Epithelium__
• __Glandular Epithelium__
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o Function: secretion
o Function: secretion
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• __CONNECTIVE TISSUE__
• __CONNECTIVE TISSUE__
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o Most abundant type
o Most abundant type
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• __CONNECTIVE TISSUE__
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o Derive from embryonic mesenchymal tissue (Gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells)
o Derive from embryonic mesenchymal tissue (Gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells)
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• __CONNECTIVE TISSUE__
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o Supports other tissues or organs
o Supports other tissues or organs
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• __CONNECTIVE TISSUE__
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o Protects soft, delicate organs
o Protects soft, delicate organs
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• __CONNECTIVE TISSUE__
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o Stores materials
o Stores materials
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• __CONNECTIVE TISSUE__
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o Transports materials
o Transports materials
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• __CONNECTIVE TISSUE__
o Tissue may contain Fibroblast Cells, Mast Cells, and Macrophage Cells
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o Mast cells produce
o Mast cells produce
histamine and heparin
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o Macrophage cells have
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phagocytic functions
phagocytic functions
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• __Loose Connective Tissue__
• __Loose Connective Tissue__
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o Also called __Areolar Tissue__
o Also called __Areolar Tissue__
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• __Loose Connective Tissue__
• __Loose Connective Tissue__
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o Widely distributed in the body
o Widely distributed in the body
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Fibroblast cells produce
Fibroblast cells produce
collagen (protein) and elastin (protein)
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### • __Loose Connective Tissue__
### • __Loose Connective Tissue__
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o Forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body
o Forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body
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### • __Loose Connective Tissue__
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o Wraps around the blood vessels, muscles, nerves, etc.
o Wraps around the blood vessels, muscles, nerves, etc.
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### • __Loose Connective Tissue__
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o Stores fluid and salts
o Stores fluid and salts
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### • __Loose Connective Tissue__
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o Together with the adipose tissue, forms subcutaneous layer
o Together with the adipose tissue, forms subcutaneous layer
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• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
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o Mostly consists of closely packed collagen fibers along with a network of some elastin fibers
o Mostly consists of closely packed collagen fibers along with a network of some elastin fibers
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• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
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o Stronger but less flexible than the loose fibers
o Stronger but less flexible than the loose fibers
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In Dense Regular Fibrous tissue
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collagen fibers are arranged in a regular parallel fashion with a few elastic fibers
collagen fibers are arranged in a regular parallel fashion with a few elastic fibers
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• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
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o Mainly found in tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, etc.
o Mainly found in tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, etc.
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In Dense Irregular Fibrous tissue
collagen fibers are arranged in an irregular fashion with a few elastic fibers
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• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
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o Mostly found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, fibrous organ coverings, etc.
o Mostly found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, fibrous organ coverings, etc.
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• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
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• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
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o Tissues provide support and structural strength
o Tissues provide support and structural strength
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• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
• __Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue__
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o Tissues are non-vascular
o Tissues are non-vascular
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• __Elastic Fibrous Connective Tissue__
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• __Elastic Fibrous Connective Tissue__
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o Mostly consists of highly flexible elastin fibers along with some collagen fibers
o Mostly consists of highly flexible elastin fibers along with some collagen fibers
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• __Elastic Fibrous Connective Tissue__
• __Elastic Fibrous Connective Tissue__
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o Fibers are parallel, make bundles, and may have branches
o Fibers are parallel, make bundles, and may have branches
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• __Elastic Fibrous Connective Tissue__
o Found in attachments between vertebra, wall of blood vessel, areas of heart and lung, etc.
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• __Reticular Connective Tissue__
• __Reticular Connective Tissue__
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o Mostly consists of thin collagen fibers
o Mostly consists of thin collagen fibers
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• __Reticular Connective Tissue__
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o Fibers make network
o Fibers make network
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• __Reticular Connective Tissue__
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o Supports structure of delicate organs – such as liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, etc.
o Supports structure of delicate organs – such as liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, etc.
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• __Adipose Tissue__
• __Adipose Tissue__
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o Cells are called __Adipocyte cells__
o Cells are called __Adipocyte cells__
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• __Adipose Tissue__
• __Adipose Tissue__
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o Tissue is made of closely packed adipocytes
o Tissue is made of closely packed adipocytes
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• __Adipose Tissue__
• __Adipose Tissue__
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o Immature cells are star shaped
o Immature cells are star shaped
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• __Adipose Tissue__
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o Cells accumulate fat droplets and become round shaped as they mature
o Cells accumulate fat droplets and become round shaped as they mature
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• __Adipose Tissue__
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o Fat droplets combine to make a large drop of fat that occupies most of the cell space
o Fat droplets combine to make a large drop of fat that occupies most of the cell space
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White fat
is the common body fat commonly found under the skin, around kidneys, within abdomen, in breasts, etc.
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• __Adipose Tissue__
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o Functions: organ protection, insulation, storage of energy, etc.
o Functions: organ protection, insulation, storage of energy, etc.
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• __Cartilage__
• __Cartilage__
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o Cells are called __Chondrocytes__
o Cells are called __Chondrocytes__
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• __Cartilage__
• __Cartilage__
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o Immature cells are __Chondroblasts__
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o Immature cells are __Chondroblasts__