Solar Systems Module 2

hehe let hope this helps

False

Aristotle and Galileo would agree that a horizontal motion requires a force

False

Aristotle and Galileo would agree that a vertical motion requires a force

• Requires no force to remain constant

• is in state inertia

According to Galileo, a constant purely horizontal motion (Absent friction or air resistance)

The horizontal velocity is the same at all three

The following questions refer to the image above of a thrown basketball following a ballistic trajectory.

At which labeled point (a, b, or c) is the horizontal component of the velocity the greatest?

b

At which of the labeled points (a, b, or c) is the vertical component of the velocity the lowest?

constant due to its inertia

The horizontal component of the velocity in the above diagram is

constantly changing due to the acceleration of gravity

The vertical component of the velocity in the above diagram is

a constant horizontal motion and continuously changing vertical motion

A thrown object follows a ballistic trajectory that is the results of

a change in the velocity

Acceleration is defined as

the rate of motion

Speed is defined as

the rate and direction of motion

velocity is defined as

True

According to Newton’s Second Law, if you double the force acting on a body, the acceleration will double

Acceleration

According to Newton’s Second Law, the greater the force exerted on an object, the greater the object’s

• is the Law of Inertia

• States that an object in any state of motion will continue in that state unless acted on by an external force

Newton’s First Law: (check all that apply)

• Is the law of action and reaction

• for every applied force, a force of equal size but opposite direction arises

Newton’s Third Law: (check all that apply)

Newton

The law of Universal Gravitation was developed by

All of these were due to Newton’s work

Which of these was a contribution of Newton to astronomy?

Both c and d are correct

• Universal gravitational implies that the planets further from the Sun will move more slowly than the planets closer to the Sun ( Kepler’s third law)

• Universal gravitation implies that when a planet is closer to the Sun in its orbit, it will move faster than when it is farther from the sun ( Kepler’s second law)

How does Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation explain Kepler’s law?

a force is needed to pull the Moon away from straight-line motion

Newton concluded that some force had to act on the Moon because

will decrease as the square of the distance between the two objects increase

Gravity obeys an inverse square relation. This statement implies that the force due to gravity between two objects

False

If the mass of a body were doubled, its gravity would become 4 times stronger.

True

Newton’s modification of Kepler’s Third Law lets us measure the mass of the Sun

True

Newton’s gravity would explain why Saturn, so far from the Sun, moves so slowly across the sky

1/16 g

Geosynchronous satellites orbit at about four Earth radii, where the Earth’s gravitational pull is

decrease by a factor of 9

According to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, if the Earth were three times further from the sun, the force of gravity by the Sun on the Earth would

greater by a factor of 4

In the early history of the solar system, the moon was half the distance from the earth as it is today, at that time, the force of gravity by the earth on the moon was

be one fourth as great

if the distance between two asteroids is doubled, the gravitational force they exert on each other will

100x

How much stronger is the gravitational pull on the sun on the earth, at 1 AU, than it is on Saturn at 10 AU?

One four hundredth as much as you do here

If a planet is 20X larger in diameter than the Earth, but has the same mass, on that planet you would weigh:

(Note: If you are on the surface of a planet, your distance from the planet's center of mass is the radius of the planet. Also, If a planet has 2x the diameter of the Earth, it has 2x the radius of the Earth)

400X more than you do here.

If a planet is 400X more massive than the Earth but has the same diameter, on that planet you would weigh:

the same as you do here.

Given that the planet orbiting the nearby star 51 Pegasi is about 20X larger in diameter than the Earth, but 400X more massive, on that planet you would weigh:

half as much as you do here.

If a planet is 200X more massive than the Earth and has 20x the diameter of the Earth, on that planet you would weigh:

the Sun's gravity is 25 times weaker than its pull on the Earth.

Jupiter lies about 5 A.U. from the Sun, so at its distance:

double

If the gravitational pull of the Earth on the Moon were to double because of a change in distance between the two objects, the gravitational pull of the Moon on the Earth would:

True

The Earth's Moon is largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of the planet that it orbits.

False

Venus is the closest planet-like object to the Earth

True

The distance to the Moon is about 10 times the circumference of the Earth

all of the above

• a new Moon

• 1st quarter Moon

• 3rd quarter Moon

Half of the Moon is illuminated by the Sun during

the Moon and Sun are on opposite sides of Earth

We see a full moon in our sky only when __________.

the Moon is 1/4 or 3/4 of the way around its orbit (starting from when it is on the same side of Earth as the Sun)

We see a half moon (in which the Moon in our sky is half dark and half light) in our sky only when __________.

the Moon will have moved a little more than 1/30th of the way around its orbit, going eastward relative to the Sun, and will therefore rise and set a little after the Sun rises and sets

Suppose it is a new moon, when the Sun and moon are in (nearly) the same place in the sky and therefore rise and set at the same time. Then tomorrow, __________.

sunrise

The new moon rises at:

around the time of sunrise

When does a full moon appear near the western horizon?

a waxing crescent follows the Sun across the sky (setting after the Sun), while a waning crescent leads the Sun across the sky (rising before the Sun).

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between a waxing crescent and a waning crescent?

Waxing means phases that we see as the moon approaches full moon, and waning means phases that we see after full moon.

Which of the following correctly describes what we mean by waxing and waning phases of the Moon?

true

As seen from the Moon, the Earth goes through phases just like the Moon does as seen from the Earth.

waning crescent

When the Moon is at a waxing gibbous phase as seen from the Earth, what phase is the Earth at as seen from the Moon?

the Earth also moves in its orbit around the Sun so the Moon has to go a little bit farther in its orbit about the Earth to be in the same place with respect the Earth and Sun

A full cycle of the Moon's phases is longer than its sidereal orbital period (i.e. its orbital period with respect to the stars) because:

Both b and c

• is shorter than a solar day

• represents a rotation of 360

A sidereal day (the time it takes the Earth to rotate once on its axis with respect to the stars)

the time it takes for any star to go from being on the horizon one day until it is again on the horizon the next day

A sidereal day is __________.

the time it takes for the Sun to go from being on the meridian (noon) one day until it is again on the meridian (noon) the next day

A solar (or synodic) day is __________.

the time from one new moon to the next new moon

A synodic month is __________.

the Moon's tidal force adds to the Sun's

During a Spring tide:

at first and third quarter

Neap tides occur:

both a and b only

• at or near a full moon

• at or near a new moon

Spring tides occur:

the difference between the gravitational pull of the Moon on the side of the Earth facing the Moon and the side facing away from the Moon

The Earths s ocean tides are caused by:

has slowed down (i.e. the day has gotten longer) over geologic time due to the pull of the Moon on its tidal bulge

The Earth's rotation rate on its axis:

caused the Moon's rotation rate to slow down over time until its rotation rate and orbital period became the same

The gravitational pull of the Earth on the Moon's tidal bulge has:

caused the Moon to move considerably farther from the Earth

The gravitational pull of the Earth's tidal bulge on the Moon has:

f

The diagram above shows a view of the Earth Moon system looking down onto the north poles of the Earth and Moon with the Moon shown at several locations in it orbit. Below the diagram are four images of the Moon at different phases.

Which of the lettered positions correspond to the phase depicted in image 1?

waning gibbous

What phase of the Moon is depicted in image 1?

e

The diagram above shows a view of the Earth Moon system looking down onto the north poles of the Earth and Moon with the Moon shown at several locations in it orbit. Below the diagram are four images of the Moon at different phases.

Which of the lettered positions correspond to the phase depicted in image 2?

third quarter

What phase of the Moon is depicted in image 2?

d

The diagram above shows a view of the Earth Moon system looking down onto the north poles of the Earth and Moon with the Moon shown at several locations in it orbit. Below the diagram are four images of the Moon at different phases.

Which of the lettered positions correspond to the phase depicted in image 3?

waning crescent

What phase of the Moon is depicted in image 3?

c

The diagram above shows a view of the Earth Moon system looking down onto the north poles of the Earth and Moon with the Moon shown at several locations in it orbit. Below the diagram are four images of the Moon at different phases.

Which of the lettered positions correspond to the phase depicted in image 4?

waning crescent

What phase of the Moon is depicted in image 4?

noon

The figure above shows the position of the Sun, Earth and Moon at 2 different phases of the Moon.

What time is it for the stick figure?

sunset

What time is it at. Position 1?

midnight

The figure above shows the position of the Sun, Earth and Moon at 2 different phases of the Moon.

What time is it at Position 2?

sunrise

What time is it at. Position 3?

waxing gibbous

The figure above shows the position of the Sun, Earth and Moon at 2 different phases of the Moon.

Which phase of the moon is represented at position 4 in the figure above?

9 p.m.

At what time will the Moon shown at position 4 in the figure above appear highest in the sky?

3 p.m.

The figure above shows the position of the Sun, Earth and Moon at 2 different phases of the Moon.

At what time will the Moon shown at position 4 in the figure above rise?

3 a.m.

At what time will the Moon shown at position 4 in the figure above set?

third quarter

The figure above shows the position of the Sun, Earth and Moon at 2 different phases of the Moon.

Which phase of the moon is represented at position 5 in the figure above?

sunrise

At what time will the Moon shown at position 5 in the figure above appear highest in the sky?

midnight

The figure above shows the position of the Sun, Earth and Moon at 2 different phases of the Moon.

At what time will the Moon shown at position 5 in the figure above rise?

noon

At what time will the Moon shown at position 5 in the figure above set?

west

The figure above shows the position of the Sun, Earth and Moon at 2 different phases of the Moon.

What direction would an observer at position 2 have to look to see the Moon at position 4?

east

The figure above shows the position of the Sun, Earth and Moon at 2 different phases of the Moon.

What direction would an observer at position 2 have to look to see the Moon at position 5?

straight up

The figure above shows the position of the Sun, Earth and Moon at 2 different phases of the Moon.

What direction would an observer at position 3 have to look to see the Moon at position 5?

west

The figure above shows the position of the Sun, Earth and Moon at 2 different phases of the Moon.

What direction would an observer at position 3 have to look to see the Moon at position 5?

full moon

A lunar eclipse can only happen during a(n):

both a and d

• the earth is between the moon and Sun

• there is a full moon

During a lunar eclipse:

New moon

A solar eclipse can only happen during a:

Both b and c

• the moon is between the earth and the sun

• there is a new moon

During a solar eclipse:

do not happen every cycle of the moons phases because the moons orbit is inclined relative to the ecliptic

Solar eclipses:

new moon on the ecliptic near perigee

What conditions are necessary for a total solar eclipse?

new moon on ecliptic, with us in the penumbral shadow

What conditions are necessary for a partial solar eclipse?

new moon on the ecliptic at apogee

What conditions are necessary for an annular solar eclipse?

true

From the Earth, the Sun and Moon have about the same angular diameter.

True

At apogee the Moon is at its farthest from the Earth and thus appears smaller than normal. Because of this it can produce only annular solar eclipses, but not total solar eclipses.

the length of the day and the angle of the Sun

The two things that are most directly responsible for the seasons are

Both a and c

• The earth’s north pole is pointed in the direction of the Sun

• the sun appears farthest south along the horizon at sunrise

During northern hemisphere summer:

is north of the equator

During northern hemisphere summer, the sub-solar point (where the sun is highest in the sky):

the time it takes for the Earth to complete an orbit around the Sun.

A year is defined as

26,000 years

How long is the precession cycle?

• the sun rises on the spring equinox

• the day is 6 months long

• the sun sets on the fall equinox

At the north pole: (check all that are true)

Both b and c

• during southern hemisphere summer

• during northern hemisphere winter

Due to the slight eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, the Earth is closest to the Sun: