Biology: Chapter 6 and 7

*What does food provide living things with?

chemical building blocks they need to grow and reproduce

*Food serves as a source of? (2)

1. raw materials for the cells of the body

2. energy

*How is energy stored inside living cells? ex?

chemical compounds; ATP

*What does ATP consist of? (structure)

1. 3 phosphate groups

2. nitrogen base (adenine)

3. 5-carbon sugar (ribose)

*What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

ADP has 2 phosphate groups and ATP has 3 phosphate groups

*How does a cell store energy?

by adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

*How does a cell release energy?

by removing a phosphate group from ATP to form ADP

*Examples of cellular activities powered by ATP? (4)

1. photosynthesis

2. protein synthesis

3. muscle contraction

4. active transport across the membrane

*ATP is the _____ of all living cells.

basic energy source

*How many ATP molecules are consumed and regenerated per second?

10 million

*Energy flows into the ecosystem as ____ and leaves as _____. Energy is not _____. Energy follows a _____ through our ecosystem.

1. sunlight

2. heat

3. recycled

4. oneway path

*Energy that flows into the ecosystem is not recycled. However, some parts of it are. What are these parts?

chemical elements essential to life

*Photosynthesis converts _____ energy from the sun into ____ energy, which is stored in carbohydrates and other organic compounds.

1.light

2. chemical

*Photosynthesis generates the ____ and _____ used by the mitochondria of eukaryotes as fuel for ______.

1.glucose

2. oxygen

3. cellular respiration

*Cellular respiration breaks down ____ into simpler substances and releases ______.

1. glucose

2. stored energy

*How is the energy released from glucose in cellular respiration used?

Some is used to make ATP from ADP and some of it is lost as heat

*What are the raw materials for photosynthesis

cellular respiration waste products (CO2 and H2O)

*Who carries out photosynthesis?

green plants

*Who carries out cellular respiration?

all living things

*Definition of cellular respiration

the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

*simple definition of cellular respiration

the process of converting glucose to ATP

*cellular respiration equation

C6H12O2 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 38ATP

*Why must the energy in glucose be released in small steps?

if it was all released at once most of it would be lost as heat and light

*What are the two types of respiration and why are they different?

1. aerobic (requires oxygen)

2. anaerobic (does not require oxygen)

*3 stages of respiration and are they aerobic or anaerobic?

1. glycolysis (anaerobic)

2. Krebs Cycle (aerobic)

3. electron transport chain (aerobic)

*Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

*Where does the Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain occur?

mitochondria

*glycolysis definition (___ --> ____)

the process in which one molecule of glucose is oxidized to produce two molecules of pyruvic acid

*The energy of ____ is used to convert glucose into two molecules of _____.

1. 2 ATP

2. PGAL

*When PGAL is oxidized, it turns into what compound?

pyruvic acid

*What kind of compound is pyruvic acid?

3-carbon compound

*What happens during the oxidation of PGAL? (___ --> ____)

two molecules of NAD+ will be reduced to two molecules of NADH

*Where is the NADH produced during glycolysis used in cellular respiration?

electron transport chain

*What is also produced during the oxidation of PGAL?

4 ATP

*What are the two pathways for pyruvic acid?

1. enter the mitochondria for Krebs Cycle

2. stay in the cytoplasm for fermentation

*What pathway pyruvic acid takes depends on...

whether oxygen is present or not

*What produces more ATP, glycolysis or aerobic respiration (Krebs, ETC)

aerobic repiration

*Even though cellular respiration is an energy ___ process, the cell must ____ a small amount of energy to get the reaction going.

1. releasing

2. invest

*How many molecules of ATP are consumed by anaerobic respiration? How many are produced? What is the net gain?

1. 2

2. 4

3. 2

*What is NAD+?

an electron acceptor

*How does NAD+ turn into NADH?

accepts a pair of electrons

*Where does NAD+ get the electrons to turn into NADH?

high energy electrons are removed from each PGAL during glycolysis and passed on to NAD+

*How long does NADH hold the electrons?

until they can be transferred to another molecule

*What is the purpose of NAD+?

helps pass the energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell

*What are 2 advantages of glycolysis?

1. the process is so fast that 1000's of ATP are produced in a few milliseconds

2. doesn't require oxygen to produce energy

*What is a disadvantage of glycolysis?

If the cell only relied on glycolysis for ATP production, it would quickly run out of NAD+ to accept the hydrogen electrons and would not be able to carry out the process.

*How much ATP does fermentation yield per molecule of glucose?

2

*Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?

anaerobic

*Where does fermentation occur?

cytoplasm

*In what process is the oxidation of glucose repeated?

Krebs Cycle

*Most of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is produced by the....

ETC

*Where do the Krebs Cycle and ETC occur in Prok cells?

cytoplasm

*Where do the Krebs Cycle and ETC occur in Euk cells?

mitochindria

*What are the 4 parts of the mitochondria? (structure)

1. outer membrane

2. inner membrane

3. matrix

4. cristae

*The ___ is the space inside the inner membrane, and the ____ are the folds and loops in the inner membrane.

1. matrix

2. cristae

*What structure in the mitochondria contains the enzymes needed for the Krebs Cycle, as well as mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes?

matrix

*What is the purpose of the cristae?

increases surface area for the reactions of cellular respiration

*Where in the mitochondria does the Krebs Cycle occur? The ETC?

1. matrix

2. cristae

*How much of the chemical energy available in glucose is left unused by the end of glycolysis?

90%

*Where is the unused energy of glucose at the end of glycolysis locked in?

the high energy electrons of the pyruvic acid

*What reaction occurs as the pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters the mitochondria?

the bridge reaction

*The bridge reaction is called the bridge reaction because it is the bridge between what? (3)

1. cytoplasm & mitochondria

2. anaerobic respiration & aerobic respiration

3. glycolysis & the Krebs Cycle

*Krebs Cycle definition

a biochemical pathway that uses the acetyl-coA molecules from the bridge reactions to produce hydrogen atoms, ATP, and CO2

*NAD+ and FAD are electron carries very similar to ____, which is used in photosynthesis

NADP+

*What is the function of NAD+ and FAD?

they deliver high energy electrons of hydrogen to the electron transport chain

*What is the total amount of the following produced during one turn of the Krebs Cycle aka one molecule of pyruvic acid?

1. CO2

2. ATP

3. NADH

4. FADH2

1. 2

2. 1