basc midterms part 4

the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.

anatomy

front or direction toward the front of the body

anterior (ventral)

back or direction toward the back of the body

posterior (dorsal)

position above or higher than another part of the body proper

superior (cranial)

position below or lower than another part of the body proper

inferior (caudal)

side or direction toward the side of the body

lateral

middle or direction toward the middle of the body

medial

position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment

distal

position closer to the surface of the body

superficial

position farther from the surface of the body

deep

(cow) the projecting part of the face, including the nose and mouth

muzzle

(cow, swine) either of the two orifices of the nose. They enable the entry and exit of air and other gasses through the nasal cavities.

nostril

(cow, swine) the anatomic landmark at junction between head and neck on dorsal top line between the ears.

poll

(cow) a longitudinal flap (loose) of skin or similar flesh that hangs beneath the lower jaw or neck

dewlap

(cow) the breast or lower chest of a quadruped animal.

brisket

(cow) a hinged joint made up of three bones, the humerus, ulna, and radius.

elbow

(cow, swine) one of the largest and most complex joints in the body. The knee joins the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia).

knee

(cow, swine) the common name in horses, large animals, and sometimes dogs for the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (MCPJ and MTPJ).

fetlock

(cow, swine) is the area between the hoof and the fetlock joint.

pastern

(cow, swine) coffin bone, also known as the pedal bone (U.S.), is the bottommost bone in the front and rear legs of horses, cattle, pigs and other ruminants.

coffin

(cow, swine) a complex joint in the hind limbs of quadruped mammals, the stifle joint joins three bones: the femur, patella, and tibia.

stifle

(cow, swine) or gambrel, is the joint between the tarsal bones and tibia of a digitigrade or unguligrade quadrupedal mammal

hock

(cow, swine) section of the lower leg in some hoofed mammals between the hock or knee and the fetlock, containing the cannon bone.

cannon

(cow) the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick and horny keratin covering.

hoof

(swine) the nose and mouth of a pig or a similar animal.

snout

(swine) a fold of fatty flesh under the chin, around the cheeks, or lower jaw, is often used to describe sagging skinbelow your chin or jawline

jowls

(swine) projection of fat upon the ribs

foreflank

(swine) projection of fat behind the ribs

rearflank

(swine) the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders.

back

(swine) that part of an animal lying between the upper part of the hipbone and the last of the false ribs on either side of the backbone

loin

(swine) the portion of the posterior dorsum –that is, posterior to the loins and anterior to the tail. Anatomically, the rump corresponds to the sacrum.

rump

(swine) back of the thigh; the thigh as a whole; in the plural, the gluteal region; the buttocks.

ham

(swine) the section at the rear end of certain kinds of animals' bodies; in general, the term refers to a distinct, flexible appendage to the torso. It is the part of the body that corresponds roughly to the sacrum and coccyx in mammals

tail

(swine) a digit on the foot of many mammals. It commonly grows higher on the leg than the rest of the foot, such that in digitigrade or unguligrade species it does not make contact with the ground when the animal is standing.

dewclaw

(chicken) is the fleshy, red outgrowth on top of a chicken's head

comb

(chicken) the hard protruding mouth part of a bird consisting of an upper and a lower part,playing a vital role in a variety of functions, including feeding, drinking, playing, grasping objects, mating, nesting, preening and defense against predators and parasites

beak

(chicken) the elongated fleshy skin that hangs under the beak and helps chickens stay cool during warmer weather

wattles

(chicken) is the group of feathers found along the back and side of the neck.

hackle

(chicken) are noticeable areas of colored skin on the sides of the head. In general, breed earlobe color correlates with the breed's egg color. Chickens with white earlobes may lay white eggs and red earlobes may lay brown or tinted eggs.

earlobe

(chicken) the distinctively colored feathers on the shoulder or bend of the wing of a bird 

wing bow

(chicken) feathers directly in front of the tail. Both roosters and hens have back cape feathers  (hens tend to be rounder at the ends, while males' are pointer)

cape

(chicken) the feathers in front of the tail. Both hens and roosters have saddles, but in a rooster the feathers are longer, softer, and pointier.

saddle

(chicken) soft feathers on the underside of the bird

fluff

(chicken) the joint between the drumstick on a chicken and the 'ankle' joint. 

hock joint

(chicken) the bottom part of her leg, above the foot, but below the hock

shank

(chicken) part of the shank bone that's covered with a hard layer made of keratin; the same thing found in our fingernails and hair. Spurs are routinely found on roosters and they're used for protection and fighting.

spur

(chicken) a curved and pointed appendage at the end of a toe, can grow to be greater with the increase of age.

claw

(chicken) the long straight feathers forming the tail, under the tail coverts.

main tail feather

(chicken) any of the long curving feathers in the tail of a rooster.

sickle feather

(chicken) long curved feathers of the tail, below the sickle feathers found only in cocks.

lesser sickle feather

consists of the skin, hair, nails, the subcutaneous tissue below the skin, and assorted glands

integumentary system

The most obvious function of the integumentary system is the ________ that the skin gives to underlying tissues. The skin not only keeps most harmful substances out, but also _______________ the loss of fluids.

protection, prevents

important boundary layer that separates the organism from the outside world (2)

integumentary system (2)

largest organ of the body

skin

the skin is a water-resistant barrier that protects against dehydration, abrasions, UV light and toxins.

protective function (protection)

the skin serves as a passive barrier to pathogens but also contains antigen-presenting cells

immunological function

nerve receptors within the skin relay information about the environment

sensory function

include eccrine sweat glands (excretory and cooling), apocrine sweat glands (signaling), sebaceous glands (lubrication) and mammary glands (nutritive)

exocrine function

the photolytic phases of the vitamin D synthetic pathway occur in the epidermis of the skin

endocrine function

elements of this involving the skin include thermoregulation, water conservation, gas exchange, and excretion

homeostatic function (homeostasis)

these include non-verbal changes in coloration, expression, as well as “goosebumps”

communicative function (communication)

outer avascular epithelial layer of the skin; composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

epidermis

inner layer and consists of a dense irregular connective tissue

dermis

outermost layer of the epidermis; consists of several layers of completely keratinized dead cells

stratum corneum (horny layer)

second topmost layer of the epidermis; found in exceptionally thick skin and in hairless regions

stratum lucidum (clear layer)

middle layer; consists of flattened cells

stratum granulosum

second deepest layer of the skin; consists of several layers of irregular polyhedral cells; tonofilaments are more prominent in this layer than in the stratum basale

stratum spinosum

deepest layer of the skin; consists of a single layer of columnar or cuboidal cells that rests on the basal lamina

stratum basale / stratum germinativum

the layer of the skin that lies beneath the basement membrane and extends to the hypodermis; can be divided into two layers; considered as the “true skin”

dermis (corium)

thinnest layer of dermis which consists of loose connective tissue, in contact with epidermis, conforms to contour of stratum basale

papillary layer

thicker layer of the dermis, dense irregular CT, smooth muscle called arrector pili muscle near hair follicle

reticular layer

They protect the end of the toe and may be used for grasping, grooming, digging or in

defense. They are continually worn away and grow continuously from a growth layer at their base.

nails or claws

a flexible, keratinized structure produced by a hair follicle

hair

a small secretory cavity, sac, or gland (of the hair)

follicle

distal/free part of hair above the surface

shaft

part of the hair within the follicle (sac)

root

hollow knob which is attached to a dermal papilla (hair)

bulb

secrete an oily secretion (substance) into the hair follicle

sebaceous glands

secreted by the sebaceous glands, this substance keeps the hair supple and helps prevent the growth of bacteria

sebum

consist of a coiled tube and a duct leading onto the skin surface

sweat glands

contains salt and waste products like urea

sweat

one of the major mechanisms for cooling the body of many mammals

evaporation of sweat on the skin surface

only present in mammals; they open to the surface in well-developed nipples; produces milk

mammary glands

contains proteins, sugars, fats and salts

milk

found in sheep, cows, and horses; nails of the remaining toes; a cylinder of horny material that surrounds and protects the tip of the toe

hoofs

other term for hoofed animals

ungulate animals

made of keratin and are found in sheep, goats, and cattle; never branched and, once grown, are never shed; consist of a core of bone arising in the dermis of the skin and are fused with the skull

true horns

not formed in the epidermis and do not consist of keratin but are entire of bone; they are shed each year and are often branched, especially in older animals

antlers

skin that covers the antlers while it is growing

velvet

some of the best natural insulators known; help maintain the high body temperatures of birds

feathers

part of the digestive system that ruminants use to harvest forages during grazing or to consume harvested feedstuff

mouth and tongue

aids in chewing and swallowing, contains enzymes for breakdown of fat (salivary lipase) and starch (salivary amylase), and it is also involved in nitrogen recycling to the rumen

saliva

saliva’s most important function

buffer pH levels in the reticulum and rumen

occupies almost 75% of the abdominal cavity of ruminants

ruminant stomach

largest stomach compartment, holding up to 40 gallons in a mature cow

rumen

aka the “honeycomb”; sits underneath and toward the front of the rumen, lying against the diaphragm; its main function is to collect smaller digesta particles and move them into the omasum, while the larger digesta particles remain in the rumen for further digestion

reticulum

other term for reticulum because of its trapping function of heavy/dense objects that can penetrate the organ’s wall and cause a hardware disease

hardware stomach

sometimes called the “paunch”; acts as a fermentation vat by hosting microbial fermentation; its environment is anaerobic

rumen

digest cellulose from plant cell walls, digest complex starch, synthesize protein from nonprotein nitrogen, and synthesize B vitamins and vitamin K

rumen microorganisms

carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen sulfide

gases produced in the rumen