Anatomy

What prevents blood loss in a damaged blood vessel? (Blood)

1) Formation of platelet plug; 2) coagulation; 3) vascular spasm

Describe the concentration of + and - ions inside and outside of a neuron during an AP (Nervous System)

Inside- more positive charge; outside- more negative charge

What surrounds the heart? (Circulatory System)

Pericardium

What hormone is typically regulated by positive feedback? (Endocrine System)

Oxytocin (Used in childbirth and milk formation)

List the functions of the optic cranial nerve (Nervous System)

Vision

In a quadriplegic, what region of the spinal cord is injured? (Nervous System)

Anything in the cervical region or above.

Describe the agglutinogens (antigens), agglutinins (antibodies) and Rh factor found on a person with B+ blood. (Blood)

B antigens; anti-A antibodies; Rh

How are veins and arteries different? (Circulatory System)

Veins contain valves, have less smooth muscle than arteries. Arteries do not contain valves.

Describe what white matter in the CNS is composed of. (Nervous System)

Myelinated nerve fibers

Describe the functions of kill T-cells (Lymphatic System)

Directly destroy pathogens by releasing perforin

Muscle fibers that contain many blood vessels and mitochondria and have high concentrations of myoglobin are called: (Muscle Physiology)

Slow twitch muscle fibers

What is the body’s first line of defense in terms of immunity? (Lymphatic System)

Skin

What two primary hormones are used in the fight-or-flight response? (Endocrine System)

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

What inner ear structure maintains balance during rotation? (Senses)

Semi-circular canals

Describe the pattern of diastole and systole in the atria and ventricles during a typical cardiac cycle. (Circulatory System)

When atria are in diastole, ventricles are in systole and vice versa.

What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity? (Lymphatic System)

Humoral involves the production of antibodes; cell mediated does not

Describe the symptoms of glaucoma. (Senses)

Loss of peripheral vision, intraocular pressure of over 25 mmHg

What hollow structures circulate cerebrospinal fluid through the brain and spinal cord? (Nervous System)

Ventricles

What type of acquired immunity is a vaccination classified as? (Lymphatic System)

Artificially acquired active immunity

State the function of thyroxine (T4) (Endocrine System)

Regulates growth and metabolism

State the function of testosterone. (Endocrine System)

Produces male sex characteristics

Define reflex (Nervous System)

Rapid response to a stimulus that helps maintain homeostasis.

List the types of non-specific resistance. (Lymphatic System)

Phagocytosis, interferon, complement system

State the function of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (Endocrine System)

Stimulates egg and sperm production

The organelle that stores calcium in a skeletal muscle fiver at rest is called:(Muslce Physiology)

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A sustained muscle contraction involving a large number of motor units is called a: (Muscle Physiology)

Tetanus (Fused contraction)

Describe the structure of alveoli in the lungs (Respiratory System)

Microscopic air sacs

Define residual volume. (Respiratory System)

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal respiration.

What structure physically moves toward the center of the sacromere during the sliding filament mechanism? (Muscle Physiology)

Thin (actin) filaments

Describe the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveoli (Respiratory System)

Reduces forces between water molecules, lowering surface tension- allowing alveoli to inflate

Describe Boyle’s law as related to pulmonary ventilation (Respiratory System)

Pressure and volume are inversely proportional

What is the difference between external and internal respiration? (Respiratory System)

External is the exchange of air between blood and alveoli; internal is the exchange of gases between blood and tissues.

Describe the function of the myelin sheath of a neuron. (Nervous System)

Increase speed of impulse (AP) conduction.

Define hemopoiesis (Blood)

Production of formed elements found in the blood

What two factors determine the rate of an AP? (Nervous System)

Diameter of axon and presence/absence of myelin sheath

Identify the protein that is not part of a myofilament; Troponin, tropomyosin, actin, myosin, elastin (Muscle Physiology)

Elastin

Describe the agglutinogens (antigens) agglutinins (antibodies) and Rh factor found on a person with A- blood. (Blood)

A antigens; anti-B antibodies, no Rh

Describe the functions of helper T-cells. (Lymphatic System)

Help alert the killer T-cells that pathogens are present

Which of the following is not a function of muscle tissue? Vitamin production, heat production, movement, regulation of organ volume (Muscle Physiology)

Vitamin production

*Is ach released into the synaptic cleft when a muscle is at rest* (Nervous system)

No

Provide an example of a passive, naturally acquired immunity. (Lymphatic System)

Passing antibodies from mother to baby across the placenta or through breast milk

What is the pacemaker of the heart? (Circulatory System)

SA node

What does the ‘all or nothing’ principle state? (Nervous System)

That an action potential is triggered when a threshold stimulus is applied.

List the function of the olfactory cranial nerve. (Nervous System)

Smell

What is the area of the retina that does not produce an image called? (Senses)

Optic disc (blind spot)

List the function of the vagus cranial nerve. (Nervous System)

Regulates abdominal organ activity

What happens to digestion when regulated by the sympathetic NS? (Nervous System)

Decreases

What are the names of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear? (Senses)

Malleus, incus, stapes

State the functiion of cortisone. (Endocrine System)

Reduces inflammation

Can bacteria, pollen, food and viruses all act as an antigen? (Lymphatic System)

Yes

What is the function of the lens? (Senses)

Focuses the visual image on the rods and cones

Describe the difference between the ANS and somatic nervous system. (Nervous System)

ANS is involuntary, SNS is voluntary

What happens to the cilliary muscles and lens when you look at a distant object? (Senses)

The ciliary muscles relax; lens is flattened

List the characteristics of cones in the retina. (Senses)

They are concentrated in the fovea centralis.

What are the endocrine cells in the pancreas called? (Endocrine System)

Islets of Langerhans

List the function of the hypoglossal cranial nerve (Nervous System)

Tongue movements

State the function of prolactin (Endocrine System)

Initiates milk production

Trace the path of an AP through the heart. (Circulatory System)

SA node > AV node > bundle of His > bundle branches > Purkinjie fibers

Muscle fibers that fatigue easily are called: (Muscle Physiology)

Fast/white fibers

A contraction in which the tension of a muscle remains the same, the muscle shortens and a load is lifted is called a (Muscle Physiology)

Isotonic contraction

The main neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction for muscle contraction is: (Muscle Physiology)

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Does continous conduction of action potentials occur in unmyelinated or myelinated axons? (Nervous System)

Unmyelinated (because every region of the axon needs to undergo an AP)

Describe the difference between a first and second encounter with an antigen in terms of antibody production. (Lymphatic System)

First, you get sick because you have no immunity. Second time, antibodies are already produced and are released quickly so you don’t get sick.

Describe what happens during repolarization of a neuron (Nervous system)

K+ diffuses outside the neuron

What is the function of the AV valves in the heart? (Circulatory System)

Prevent backflow of blood

Describe the function of a dendrite of a neuron. (Nervous System)

Conducts an impulse (AP) toward the soma (cell body)

What do the Korotkoff sounds mean when taking blood pressure? (Circulatory System)

1st sound is the systolic pressure, 2nd is the diastolic pressure

Describe the function of the cerebrum. (Nervous System)

Produces conscious thought, intellect, motor activities (high level thinking skills)

Which of the following is not an example of an endocrine gland? Sweat, adrenal, parathyroid, pituitary or pineal gland (Endocrine System)

Sweat- it is an endocrine gland

What happens of your blood pH if you hold your breath? (Respiratory System)

Increase CO2 = increase H+ = decrease pH

Define otoliths. (Senses)

Particles of calcium carbonate found in the inner ear used to maintain balance

Define accommodation (Sense)

The automatic adjustment of lens curvature by the cilliary muscles that focus light waves on the retina

Auditory receptors (cilliated cells) for sensations are found where? (Senses)

In the organ of Corti (spiral organ)

Pulmonary arteries carry blood where in relation to the heart? (Circulatory System)

Away from the heart to the lungs, but the bood is deoxygenated

Describe the function of the cerebellum. (Nervous System)

Controls muscle tone, coordination and balance

What happens to the respiratory muscles during expiration? (Respiratory System)

Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward into the thoracic cavity. Intercostals pull rib cage up

Describe the function of the limbic system. (Nervous System)

Regulates emotions and related behaviors

Describe what the QRS segment of an EKG represents. (Circulatory System)

Ventricular depolarization

What happens to salivation when regulated by the sympathetic NS? (Nervous System)

Decreases

Describe the characteristics of the medulla (Nervous System)

White matter, attaches brain to spinal cord, decussation of spinal cord

Describe the function of an axon of a neuron (Nervous System)

Conducts impulse (AP) away from the CNS

The molecule that most directly supplies energy for muscle contraction is called: (Muscle Physiology)

ATP

List the function of the trochlear cranial nerve (Nervous System)

Eye movements

Describe the functions of the circulatory system (Circulatory System)

Provide immunity, transport substances such as blood/hormones, help maintain body temp.

Describe the function of the cerebrospinal fluid. (Nervous System)

Circulates nutrients/wastes as part of the blood-brain barrier, provides protection to the CNS structures

What division of the nervous system prepares the body for fight or flight (anxiety or stressful periods) (Nervous System)

Sympathetic nervous system

What is the name of the photopigment found in the rods? (Senses)

Rhodopsin

Define hematocrit (Blood)

Measurement of the % of whole blood composed of erythrocytes

What is the function of capillaries? (Circulatory System)

Allow blood to exchange materials with the internal environment

What two hormones are responsible for regulating blood calcium levels? (Endocrine System)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin)

The plasma (cell) membrane in a muscle cell is called the: (Muscle Physiology)

Sacrolemma

List the structures found in the CNS (Nervous System)

Brain (cerebrum, medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain) and spinal cord

A ________ is the area between two z lines; also described as the functional unit of muscle contraction (Muscle Physiology)

Sacromere

What is the role of ACh in terms of impulse (AP) transmission? (Nervous System)

Opens the ion channels in post-synaptic neuron

If a mother and her fetus have an incompatible Rh factor, what disorder can result? (Blood)

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Define aneurysm (Circulatory System)

A weakening of a blood vessel causing it to expand or burst.

List the structures involved in a reflex arc in order (Nervous System)

Receptor -- sensory neuron -- association neuron -- integrating center -- motor neuron -- effector

What two substances are absolutely necessary for the actual muscle to contract? (Muscle Physiology)

ATP and calcium

In a paraplegic, what region of the spinal cord is injured? (Nervous System)

Anything below the cervical region.

List the characteristics of erythrocytes (Blood)

They are red blood cells, contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen.