Animal Science 200 Exam 1

Class 1: Agnatha

- Jawless Fish
- Generally a parasite

Class 2: Chondrichthyes

- Cartilaginous fish
- Includes sharks and rays

CLASS 3: Osteichthyes

- Bony fish

How fish get around having salty cells in freshwater

Drink very little water and urinate a lot to get rid of excess water

How fish get around having salty cells in saltwater

Drink a lot of water and urinate very little

Anatomy and Physiology of a Fish

- Gills for breathing
- Two chambered Heart
- Skin with cells
- Swim bladder
- Heterothermic

1st domesticated fish

Carp in China

Feral

Converted from pets back to wild

Oviparous

Lay eggs

Ovoviviparous

holds eggs internally until birth

viviparous

Live birth

Egg scatterers

- Scatter eggs randomly
- may be adhesive to things
- dump eggs then sperm

Scoopers

- most round out a spot in the ground
- lay eggs than fertilize

Mouth Brooders

- move babies with mouth to other nests

Bubble nest builders

-can get oxygen from air bubbles
-build floating ness of bubbles for eggs and young
-may live in oxygen-deficient biotype
-have quite a striking mating ritual
-also have trouble with "mate abuse" (male will harass female until death)

Live bearers

- actually ovoviviparous
- no true placenta
-fertilization can last awhile

Seahorses

- female deposits eggs in male
- fertilized internally
- male gives birth

Invertebrates

- lack invertebrate
- occupy all habitats

Mollusks

gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods
- breath with gills or lungs

Cephalopods

- squids and octopi
- difficult to keep in aquarium
- short life span
- can get large

gastropods

snails
- hermaphroditism
- cannot fertilize themselves

crabs

- fiddler = most popular
- can drown
provide hermit crabs with a shell and shallow water dish

Aquarium Fundamentals

1. Liberal water surface
2. Enough light
3. Right Temperature
4. Water Quality
5. Correct Feeding

F.L.A.W.S.

Feed. Light. Air. Water. Space.

Light in aquariums

- Usually for viewing
- More important for live plants

Temperature in Aquariums

Tropical
- 72-78F
- 75 F optimal for most species
- Cold water holds more O2 than warm water

Correct Feeding in Aquariums

- feed what fish will eat in 5 min
- once a day feeding
- juvenile fish will need to be fed more often

Tank location

- away from sunlight
- sturdy stand/table
- not in front of radiator/heat

Tank Filtration

Mechanical
- Gravel
- Wool floss
Chemical
- Activated Charcoal
Biological
- Bacteria to digest waste

Tank Decorations (freshwater)

Good
-Glass, Plastic, Stainless steel, driftwood
Bad
- Coral, limestone, marble, metals
(will change the ph of water)

Tank water types

Best = tap water
- distilled water has no minerals so not the best
- water needs can vary depending on species

Tank Plants

- live plants are good with adequate light
- will and O2 into the tank

Tank cylce

- Let water cycle for around 24Hrs
- lets temp settle

Number of fish in Tank

1 in per gallon rule/ 3 in2 of water for 1 small fish
- fish do get bigger
- best to add a few fish at a time

Cover & lighting in tanks

- Add a cover to keep fish in
- keep things out
- it cuts down on evaporation

What is the first thing nitrogen causes to go up in a tank?

Ammonia (fish waste)

What is the Second thing nitrogen causes to go up in a tank?

Nitrite (eats ammonia)

What is the third thing nitrogen causes to go up in a tank?

Nitrate (eats nitrite)

Cleaning a tank

- Scavengers
- partial water changes
- scrape off algae
- clean/change filters
- remember biological filtration

Adding new fish

- feed old fish first
- float bag on top for 20-30min
- put fish in slowly

Marine tank

- ph 8.0-8.3
- dead coral, seashells and lime stones are good

Marine Tank Salinity

- Measure by density
- Measured w/hyrdometer

Filtration in a Marine Tank

- Very susceptible to ammonia toxictiy
- live rock and sand are good
- avoid metals
- use water monitoring kits

Coral reef tanks

- need strong lights
- many coral have a symbiotic relationship w/algae
- some will need wave motions
- have patience

General Nutrition

- Protein
- Fats
- Carbs
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water

Proteins

- made up on amino acids
- 10-12 essential proteins
- essential amino acids are those that must be supplied in the diet
- animals need specific amino acids

Fats

- few are essential depending on species
- delivery vehicle

Fat deficiency

- poor skin
- hair loss
- uncontrolled nervous responses
- mortality

Carbs

- not technically essential
- very common
- inexpensive energy source

Protein digestion

- broken down into amino acids
- parts are used for energy
- can be stored as fat if not used
- excreted as urine

Calorie

measure of energy used to break down food

Vitamins

- involved in many functions in the body
(coenzymes, antioxidants, hormones, catalysts)
- fat soluble
- water soluble

Minerals

- inorganic
- cofactors for enzymes
- components for bones and teeth
- electrolyte balance
- in fish can be absorbed through skin/water

Macro minerals

calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, sulfur, chlorine

Trace Minerals

iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, molybdenum

Water

- Most important for nutrition
- shapes and gives structure
- heat regulation
- transport
- lots of deficiency symptoms

Human digestive tract

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, large intestine, rectum, anus

Fish nutrition

- high protein
- young growing animals need higher protein
- very important to have highly digestible diet

Live feed (fish)

- necessary for some species
- can transmit diseases

Feeding fry

- live off the egg for a little
- can eat microorganisms
- brine shrimp

Amphibians

- skin without scales
- heterothermic
- 3 chambered heart
- fresh water & terrestrial
- frogs, toads, salamanders

Metamorphosis (amphibians)

- have gills when young
- breathe with lungs when adults

Amphibian Reproduction

- oviparous
- need water
- young hatch from egg laid in or near water
- tadpole like fish

Amphibian housing

-terrarium (all land, some water)
-aquarium (half water, half land)

amphibian temperature regulation

- best at 68-72 F
- evaporative cooling
- may hibernate
- too cold can make them gut sick

amphibian feed

- water, absorb through skin
- meal worms, crickets, sowbug, flies
- add calcium
- gut-load feed

Gut-loading

feeding nutrients to the feed and then feeding it to the pet

Thyroxin

- causes tadpoles to metamorphose
- can make tiny frogs

Reptiles

- turtles, lizards, snakes
- don't go through metaphorphosis
- heterothermic
- 3/4 chambered heart
- scales
- air-breathing
- terrestrial

Reptile Reproduction

- mostly oviparous
- eggs are able to incubate outside of water bc of the strong shell
- internal fertilization
- incubation by parents is rare
- length of incubation is dependent on environmental temp

Snakes

- good pets are: milk, corn, king, ball python
- captive reared = good
- need to be raised separately
- 10-20yr lifespan can be longer

healthy snake

- firm rounded body
- clear eyes
- no signs of mites
- no open mouth breathing or gasping breath
- mouth is pink inside
- clean vent
- move smoothly

Reptile equipment

- empty aqaurium
- fairly large more than 30 gal
- secure lid
- hiding places

reptile temperature regulation

- temperature gradient
- 75-90 F
- drop temp at night
- heat mats
- humidity 40-60%
- shallow water dish for bathing
- substrate

Reptile Feeding (snakes)

- may eat mice, chickens, rabbits
- pre killed prey is best
- feed every week or so
- young more often
- don't eat during molting
- can live several months with out feed

Reptile reproduction

- few or ovoviviparous
- most are oviparous
- artificial incubation can be done

Lizards

- good pets: geckos, bearded dragons, anoles, chameleons
- variety within lizard species

Jacobsons organs

- special sixth sense
- allows them to "taste" odors
- some species also have heat sensors in the same area

Regeneration of body parts

- tails
- some legs (usually smaller than normal)

Temperature dependent sex determination

occurs when the sex of an individual is determined by the temperature at which eggs develop

Diseases

- caused by an insult to an animal by microorganism that is not normally a part of the animals life
- can also be inhertitied

Infectious diseases

- Bacteria
- Viruses
- Protozoa
- Fungi
- Parasites
- Prions

Non-Infectious diseases

toxicities, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disorders, inherited disorders, maladaptation, cancers

Bacteria

- single-celled organisms w/a simple cell structure
- 0.4 to 10 microns
- most numerous of any cellular organisms
- everywhere
- asexual reproduction

Helpful bacteria

- breaks down dead plants, animals
- used in sewage treatments, aquaria
- convert nitrogen from air to organic nitrogen
- cause chemical changes in cheese & silage

Harmful Bacteria

- cause disease like, anthrax, pneumonia, salmonellosis, tuberculosis
- can cause food to spoil

Natural defenses against bacteria

- skin and scales
- fish have a mucin coat over body
- healthy internal tissues are free of bacteria (not always)
- Most young animals develop free of bacteria but will become exposed during birth process

Bacterial treatment

antibiotics

Virus

- smaller than bacteria
- made up of one central core of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
- not really living, not cellular

Viral infections

- antibiotics don't have a direct effect on viral infections
- fight secondary infections

Fungi

- group of organisms w/no green coloring matter
- includes smuts, rusts, molds, mildew, yeast
- athletes food, ringworm
- treatable with anti fungal agents

Protozoa

- belong to kingdom Protista (not animals)
- some have eye spot & flagella
- need a microscope to see them
- reproduction: budding, splitting or sports
-malaris, toxoplasmosis
- can be treated
- few good; some in ruminants

Parasite

- internal: worms(tapeworm, hookworm) and flukes
- flukes: trematode often in the intestines, liver, lungs, etc.
- external: lamprey, mites, lice, and ticks
- limited to animals that parasitize others

Prions

- protein particle that causes disease
- no nucleic aicd
- BSE, CJD, chronic wasting disease, scrapie, kuru
- Degradation of brain tissue
- contracted by eating infected nervous tissue
- long incubation period
- no treatment known (fairly new)

Immune response

- Body recognizes antigen
- B-cells respond and start producing antibodies
- other non-specific cells are also involved
- B-cells specific to that antigen continue to be produced in large quantities throughout life

Attributes of immunity

- ability to recognize self and non self
- diversity
- specificity
- memory
- prevent reinfection

Titer

- measure amount of antibodies in serum
- Rabies shot; blood titer test
- measure of animals resistance to a specific antigen

Fish viral diseases

-lymphocystis
- more common in marine fish

Amphibian viral disease

- warts
- tumors
- ranaviruses

Reptile viral dieases

- warts
- tumors
- great patch disease (turtles)
caused by a herpes virus