bio-207 exam 1

Robert Hooke

first to use microscope

observed macroorganisms composed of smaller microscopic units

now known as "cells"

Antone van leeunwenhoek

first person to observe & describe live organisms (free-living)

father of microbiology

took samples (rain water, teeth scraping)

louis pasteur

One of the first to observe that cells affect living things

Pasteruization, heating process that removes disease

developed vaccines

Robert koch

confirmed germ theory

joseph lister

"listerine"

realized that if started washing hand it decreased infection and mortality rate

Carl woese

discovered living record of evolution

developed genetic based tree of life

revised phylogenetic tree

b/c of him we now have domain

Carolus linnaeus

responsible for modern taxonomic system

categorization & naming of organism using standard format

taxonomy

classification, identification, description, & naming living organisms

essential to how we learn & study organisms

Binomial nomenclature

linnaean naming system

first name: genus (genera)

second name: species

scientific names are underlined/italicized

once mentioned in full, it can be shortened: initial of genus then species

bacteria

can produce peptidoglycan (prokaryotic)

occur in every environment

obtains energy through organotrophs (require organic material to produce energy)

Archaea

pseudopeptidogylcan (prokaryotic)

single cellular

contains extremophiles

Extremophiles

methanogens: produce methane as result of fermentation

halophiles: "salt loving", high saline conditions

thermophiles: "heat loving", warm conditions

protozoa

animal like protists

no cell wall

some may cause disease

move using cilia, flagella, etc.

fungi

cell wall composed of chitin

reproduce a/sexually

can be uni (yeast)/multicellular (mold)

algae

plantlike protists

reproduce a/sexually

cell shapes (6)

coccus: round

bacillus: rod shaped

vibrio: curved rod

coccobacillus: short rod
spirillum: spiral

spirochete: long, lose, spiral

spontaneous generation

life arises from non-living matter

unchallenged until Redi tried to develop theory to disprove it

Biogenisis

life comes from life, opposite of spontaneous generation

louis pasteur realized bacteria can be used to disprove SG

cell theory (3)

Around pasteurs work, scientists were investigating basic unit of life

all cells come from cells

cells are the unit of structure for living organisms

cells are the unit of function

endosymbiotic theory + evidence

is to discover similarities between mitochondria & chloroplast

the mitochondria & chloroplast are self replicating

Both contain DNA (have their own genome), similar to bacterial DNA

contain bacterial ribosomes

Germ theory

microorganisms are the primary causative agent of infectious disease

after lister's findings, koch developed kochs postulates

prokaryotes

bacteria, archaea

very simple

eukaryotes

membrane bound organelles

larger than bacteria

outer membrane

outermost membrane in mitochondria, protects and holds form of organelle

cell envelope

includes plasma membrane, cell wall, and glycocalyx

structural support and protection

pili/fimbriae

allows bacteria to attach to other cells

genophore

includes most genetic material of organism

peptidoglycan

forms cell wall

storage granule

nutrients & reserve may be stored

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

flagella

motility, rotate in envelope

plasma membrane

responsible for transport of nutrients, waste, ions

capsule

protects bacterial cell

ribosomes

where protein synthesis takes place

plasmid

contains code responsible for antibiotic resistance

lysosomes

break down

uncontrolled release can cause cell death

cell membrane

protective barrier

regulates what comes in or out

smooth ER

ER that has no ribosomes, makes lipids

rough ER

has ribosomes

proteins synthesized on ribosomes collect for transport throughout cell

mitchondria

Power House of the cell where ATP is produced.

nucleus

contains DNA and RNA

responsible for growth and reproduction

control center

peroxisomes

Produce hydrogen peroxide; detoxify harmful substances

nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

vacuole

A sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area

cytoskeleton

helps maintain cell shape and motility

microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

help move cells & organize genetic material

golgi

modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

centrosome

Microtubule-organizing center

during cell cycle, structure duplicates to form two poles of the mitotic spindle.

secretory vesicles

Cell secretions (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.) are packaged in vesicles at golgi apparatus, then transported where needed.

endospores

highly resistant structure

forms when conditions are unfavorable

lack of nutrients, heat, radiation

sporulation

endospore formation

germination

return to vegetative state

teichohic acids

only found in gram + cells

anchor & stabalize cell wall

mycolic acid

Waxy lipid, makes cell permeable to most stains.

peripheral proteins

not embedded in the lipid bilayer

loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

integral proteins

penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

fluid mosaic model

olive-oil like consistency

free to move wherever

complex mosaic structure

hypertonic

water is exiting cell (problem for bacteria)

hypotonic

water is moving into the cell (not a problem)

isotonic

equilibrium, not moving either way (not a problem)

passive transport

movement from high to low concentration

along concentration gradient

active transport

against concentration gradient

requires energy

photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

flagella vs cilia

cilia: shorter, numerous, look like hair, back and forth motion
flagella: longer, less numerous, whip like motion (sperm)

Both: responsible for movement, made of microtubules

pili vs fimbriae

Pili: assist bacterial movement, longer than fimbriae, responsible for gliding & twitching, facilitate transfer of DNA

fimbriae: attachment pili, attach bacteria to surface, helps cells form biofilm

chemotaxis

involuntary movement of bacteria towards/away from chemical stimuli

phototaxis

movement in response to light

glycocalyx

helps formation of biofilm, composed of polysaccharides & polypeptides, secreted from in the cell

conjuction pili

transfer plasmids between bacteria

animal cell

does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole

eukaryotic

plant cell

contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole

eukaryotic

wendell stanely

isolated the tobacco mosaic virus

believed viruses were liquid in nature (toxin)

combination of proteins &nucleic acids

Acellular

Not made up of or containing cells, lack plasma membrane

virion

virus outside host cell, before cell is infected

doesn't use/produce energy

doesn't reproduce

doesn't respond to environmental stimuli

host range

types of cells a virus can infect

virion structure

nucleic acid, capsid, non/envelope, spikes

capsid

protein coat, surrounds & protects viral genetic material

enveloped

easier to disinfect

obtained from host cell during viral egress

spike proteins embedded in envelope

non-enveloped

opposite of enveloped

lack envelope

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

budding

non-lytic egress, doesn't directly destroy cell

bacteriophage structure

The capsid, sheath and tail fibers , pin

sheath

fires DNA down & into cytoplasm

tail fiber

spike proteins, find host cell & adhere to it

pin

permanently adhere capsid

lytic cycle (5 stages)

all cells can undergo this cycle

1. attachment

2. penetration (viral DNA enters)

3. biosynthesis (dna replicates & proteins are made)

4. maturation (particles are assembled)

5. lysis (allows release)

lysogenic

latent, asymptomatic

begins same way as lytic

viral dna into host cell chromosome (prohpage)

rely on host cell to replicate, every time it does, viral dna does too

generalized transduction

non-intentional (bad for virus), lytic cycle

specialized transduction

intentional , lysogenic cycle

acute infection

short incubation period after initial exposure

lytic cycle

by end, virus will be completely cleared

flu

persistent infection

begins as acute that wasn't fully cleared

remains latent in body, lytic

resides in privilaged place in body

chicken pox, shingles

latent infection

lysogenic cycle

can never truly be cleared

goes into lytic cycle after secondary infection, physical stress

herpes

ways virus can remain dormant (3)

residing in privilaged place (reproductive/nervous system)

infecting/inhibiting immune cells

suppressing host cell defenses

prions

infectious protein, mutant version can change shaped (misfolded)

PrPc

prion protein cellular, cell surface protein (cellular adhesion)

PrPsc

prion protein scrapie, misfolded protein

acquired: through tainted meat

familial: acquired genetically from parents

sporatic: acquired through genetic mutation

help move cells & organize genetic material

regulates what comes in or out

structural support and protection

proteins are made here