Speech Science Midterm

simple wave

-single frequency

-repeating wave

-sine wave

-not random

complex wave

-wave with multiple frequencies

-may be periodic/aperiodic

harmonics

-multiples of the f0

-vibrating segments within the vibrating body

-in complex/periodic waves

fundamental frequency

-1st harmonic

-lowest frequency in a complex wave

periodic wave

repeating wave (temporal characteristics remain the same)

sine wave

-simple wave

-periodic wave

-repeating wave (temporal characteristics remain the same)

complex wave

period

time it takes to complete 1 cycle

frequency

cycles per second

1/T

interference

net effect of 2 or more waves that meet and interact in the same medium

phase

-relationship of 2 ore more wave patterns

in phase

when 2 or more waves have their crest and trough at the same time they are…

out of phase

when 2 or more waves have their crest and trough at different times they are…

destructive interference

- out of phase waves

-decreased amplitude

-results in cancellation

constructive interference

-waves are in phase

-increased amplitude

-results in increased loudness

0dB

threshold of hearing dB

30dB

whisper dB

60dB

conversational speech dB

75dB

shouting dB

20-29,000Hz

range of hearing (in hertz )for young healthy adults

100-5000Hz

most important range (in hertz) for perceiving speech

80-500 Hz

human vocal fold vibration range (in hertz)

shorter/smaller objects

what kinds of objects vibrate at higher frequencies?

longer/larger objects

what kind of objects vibrate at lower frequencies

low frequencies

what kind of frequency?

-has longer wavelengths

-travel well through barriers

higher frequencies

high or low frequency?

-shorter wavelengths

-tend to reflect off barriers

wavelength and frequency

______ and ____ are inversely related

sharp tuning

what kind of tuning?

-resonator responds to small range of frequencies

-vibration persists for a long time

-EX: tuning fork, crystal glass

broad tuning

what kind of tuning?

-resonator responds to a larger range of frequencies

-vibration dies out quickly

-EX: sound in air, phone earpiece

oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx

these are resonators

external intercostals and diaphragm

the major muscles of inspiration

aperiodic sounds

hiss, clicks, small explosions of are are examples of what kind of sound?

glottis

phonation is generated by rapid open/close of the ____

supraglottal

obstructing airflow in the upper vocal tract yields ______ sound sources (E.G., bursts, fricative noise)

2, 3

___lobes on the left and ___on the right lung

trachea

-cartilaginous structure

-allows air to pass from nose to mouth to lungs

-made up of 16 rings

larynx

sits on top of the upper most tracheal ring

bronchii

branch off the trachea to each lung

bronchiole

-smallest branches stemming from the secondary bronchi

-leads to alveoli

thoracic cavity

-cavity that contains pulmonary system

-diaphragm pleura

diaphragm

the floor of the thoracic cavity

pleura

-thin, fibrous, membranous tissue

-connects lungs to ribs and diaphragm

-has fluid filled spaces between layers that reduce friction forces when inhaling/exhaling

functional residual capacity

partial inflation at rest is what kind of capacity?

inspiration

-always active

-for this to occur, muscles contraction happens

diaphragm

-large sheet of muscle and tendons

-attachments: lumbar vertebrae, lower ribs, xiphoid process

-innervation: phrenic nerves

diaphragm

the primary inspiration muscle

anterior external intercostals

-muscles for inspiration

-primary rib expansion

posterior external intercostals

-muscles for expiration

-rib expansion

anterior internal intercostals

-active expiration

-deeper muscle fibers between ribs

posterior internal intercostals

-inspiration muscles

-ribs draw in and descend

accessory muscles

neck. chest, back, and abdomen are what kind of muscles?

diaphragm

-contracts out and down on inhalation

-pulls air into lungs

-relaxes in and up when pushing air out of lungs

increasing, decreasing

______(inc/dec) the volume of an enclosed space. _____(inc/dec/) air pressure within it

speech breathing

more air is typically inhaled for which kind of breathing?

expanding rib cage

accessory muscles of neck, chest, abdomen, and back may assist with what?

quiet breathing

this kind of breathing is reflexive

speech breathing

control is more voluntary and conscious for which kind of breathing?

exhalation

____is slower and takes up more of the respiratory cycle during speech breathing

quiet breathing

this kind of breathing is 40% inhalation and 60% exhalation

speech breathing

this kind of breathing is 10% inhalation and 90% exhalation

larynx

-pathway for airflow in/out of lungs

-protects airway

-increase intrathoracic pressure

abduction

-rest position for vocal folds

-creates voiceless sounds and breathing

adduction

-folds brought together for phonation

fundamental frequency

-represents the number of vocal-fold cycles per second

-lowest frequency of a complex periodic sound

vocal fold characteristics

f0 depends on this

larger/longer vocal folds

these folds vibrate at lower frequencies

tense/thinner vocal folds

these vocal folds vibrate at higher frequencies

abductor muscles

these muscles separate arytenoids

adductor muscles

these muscles bring the arytenoids toward midline

tensor muscles

these muscles elongate and tense vocal folds

relaxer muscles

these muscles shorten the vocal folds

true vocal fold

false vocal fold

larynx

trachea

thyroid arytenoid muscle

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

transverse arytenoid

oblique arytenoid

cricothyroid muscle

thyrovocalis

thyromuscularis

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

-only vf abductor

-opens glottis

-rotates arytenoids

-separates vf

-increases glottal space

cricothyroid muscle

-primary tensor muscle

-lengthens and tenses vf

thyrovocalis

-tensor muscle

thyromuscularis

-vf relaxer

-adducts vf

lateral cricoarytenoid

-adductor

-brings arytenoids forward and down

-stiffens vf

transverse arytenoid

-adductor

-runs horizontally between arytenoids

oblique arytenoid

-adductor

-connects left and right arytenoid cartilages

transverse and oblique arytenoids

these muscles draw arytenoids together posteriorly and adduct vocal folds

vagus CN X

-nerve that provides sensory and motor innervation to the larynx

-branches into SLN and RLN

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

suprahyoid and infrahyoid are what kind of muscles?

suprahyoid muscles

infrahyoid muscles

resonance

-natural frequency of vibration

-physical parameters of the vibrating object

natural resonant frequency

-frequency a system vibrates with greatest amplitude when driven by an external vibrating source

-physical properties

lax vowels

-short duration

-muscles loose

-usually occur in one syllable words that end in consonants

-may be diphthongized

tense vowels

-longer duration

-muscles tense

-usually occur at the end of one syllable words