EX181 Study Guide For Final

exercise

This is defined as leisure-time activity in which planned, structure, and repetitive bodily movements are performed to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness.

physical activity

This is defined as any bodily movement produced by contraction of skeletal muscle that substantially increases energy expenditure.

Age

What is the strongest risk factor for dementia?

9%

What is the estimated population attributable fraction for all-cause mortality associated with physical inactivity?

False

Sedentary behavior refers to activities in which energy expenditure is average and upright/standing is the dominant mode of posture.

Type 2 Diabetes

Which medical condition is most closely associated with obesity?

True

In the Morris heart disease study, sedentary drivers were at higher risk for heart disease and heart attacks than double decker conductors.

True

Physical activity contributes more to health than just helping to prevent disease and it enables people to maintain productive and fulfilling lives while coping with disease.

Physical activity, never smoking, body mass index < 25 kg m−2, moderate alcohol consumption

Which four healthy lifestyle behaviors have been suggested to increase the number of years lived free from chronic disease?

Women are more physically active than men

Which of the following features of physical activity data is NOT common to most countries?

Epidemiology

A lot of the evidence on the relationship between physical activity and health comes from what field of study/research?

Correlational (Ecological)

Which of the following types of studies uses populations as their unit of study?

Case-control study

Which type of study offers a way to identify adequate numbers of patients even when the outcome under study is relatively rare?

False

Cross-sectional surveys provide the potential to address more complex issues, such as gene-environment interactions.

True

Prevalence quantifies the proportion of individuals in a population that exhibits the outcome of interest at a specified time.

Prevalence of addiction

Which of the following is NOT a key measure of risk in epidemiology?

Moderate intensity

Activities of 3 to 6 MET intensity are typically classed as what intensity of exercise?

True

Doubly labelled water is a non-intrusive method regarded as the gold standard for measuring total energy expenditure in free-living situations.

VO2max

What is the gold standard measure of cardiorespiratory fitness?

True

Physical activity is bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that substantially increases energy expenditure.

1.5

Sedentary behavior is classified as energy expenditure less than or equal to what MET value?

True

In CHD, myocardial blood flow is compromised because of progressive narrowing or sudden blocking of a coronary artery or arteries.

False

The magnitude of risk reduction for CHD appears to be greater in men than women.

False

Improvements in fitness are not associated with lower risk of CVD

Atherosclerosis

What is a process which begins early in life and is considered by far the most important cause of CVD?

False

The pathological hallmarks of atherosclerosis are the fatty streaks and high lipid profile in the blood.

Low

Which tertile of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity has the largest CVD mortality hazard ratio?

Physical activity

There is compelling evidence that what lifestyle component affords protection against the risk of CHD.

Socioeconomic status

Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing one's risk of heart attack?

True

Cardiorespiratory fitness is a result of interactions between environmental, constitutional and genetic factors with genes accounting for 40-50% of the between-person variation in the change in maximum oxygen uptake in response to endurance training

Gestational

Which type of diabetes develops in pregnant women?

Type 2

What is the most common form of diabetes?

True

Obesity is the most important modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes.

True

In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, insulin also exerts multiple influences on lipid metabolism, which collectively promote the uptake and storage of fatty acids in adipose tissue.

Pancreas

Which organ produces insulin?

Diet

Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

True

Diabetes mellitus often referred to as diabetes, refers to several metabolic conditions characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia (raised blood glucose concentrations).

Type 1

Which type of diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of beta cells?

Insulin

Diabetes is caused by the bodies inability to produce enough, or has become resistant to what hormone?

False

The clustering of metabolic dysfunction around insulin resistance is sometime described as the 'metabolic dysfunction'.

Lack of movement

What did Stephen Blair argue was central to population-wide obesity in the recent decades?

True

One of the greatest problems with obesity is that once it has developed it is incredibly difficult for individuals to lose a clinically relevant amount of weight.

Height in meters

What is weight (in kilograms) divided by in order to calculate one's BMI?

Energy Intake

Energy expenditure +/- energy stored equals which principle?

False

The influence of adiposity is not dependent on the quantity of fat present and the storage location.

True

At any given BMI, individuals with a greater proportion of central fat possess the poorest health outcomes.

Type two diabetes

Which condition was found to have the strongest association with obesity?

Changes in body composition will not occur if macronutrient balance is not achieved.

Overweight and obesity

What does the World Health Organization define as an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health?

True

The most frequently used method for assessing obesity is the body mass index.

High blood pressure

The fact that the prevalence of hypertension increases dramatically with age suggest that which factor is an inevitable consequence of aging?

120-139 mmHg

Which of the following is the systolic blood pressure range of someone with prehypertension?

True

The inverse relationship between fitness and hypertension risk is supported by the more recent Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

False

One of the major mechanisms by which physical activity may lead to a reduced risk of CVD is via an effect on inflammation.

False

Regular physical activity does not contribute to a lower risk of thrombotic cardiovascular events.

90-99 mmHg

Which of the following is the diastolic blood pressure range of someone who has stage 1 hypertension?

False

Exercise only has acute effects on blood pressure

True

The level of glucose within the circulation is ultimately determined by the balance between glucose entry and removal.

Fasting blood glucose

Which of the following is NOT a physiological mechanism?

Marathon runners

Which group of individuals has the highest concentration of HDL cholesterol?

True

Bone is deposited in relation to the load it must bear.

What particular mineral is the skeleton a reservoir for?

Periosteum

What is the outer membrane covering cortical bone, facing the soft tissue called?

Third decade

When does total skeletal mass reach its peak?

Calcium

Which of the following is not a component of the structure of long bone?

False

Peak rates of bone accrual are about 20% greater in girls than boys.

decreases; fragile

As people age, bone strength ____ and bones become more ___.

False

The strength of bone does not reflect the integration of two main features: bone mineral density and quality.

Vitamin D

What vitamin is involved in stimulating the absorption oof ingested calcium?

True

The skeleton provides physical support and protection for internal organs and, through the actions of muscles, enables movement.

True

There is a prevailing view that physical activity levels are low in young people, and that engagement in physical activity has declined and time spent sedentary has increased in the last two decades.

Weak to moderate

What is the relationship between objective measures of physical activity and physical fitness in children and adolescents?

80.3%

What percentage of 13- to 15-year-old adolescents fall short of the current physical activity recommendations?

True

Higher levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are related to superior insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents.

False

BMI is not considered an acceptable tool for diagnosing obesity in young people.

Paediatric obesity

What type of obesity is characterized by a chronic energy imbalance and is influenced by complex interactions between genetic, metabolic, behavioral and environmental factors.

True

Higher engagement in MVPA may help to lower adiposity outcomes particularly in those at the upper extreme of the adiposity distribution.

First two

What decades in life are characterized by considerable growth, maturation and development?

False

Over the last four decades, the decreasing prevalence of obesity in young people has propelled the prevention and management of childhood obesity to the forefront of the global public health agenda.

82.3

What percentage of children who are obese in childhood remain obese as adults?

true

Lifestyle and the ability to live independently may be compromised even in older adults free from disease due to a reduction in physical capacities.

True

Cardiovascular fitness and muscular strength are the two best-studied physical capacities in older adults.

True

Exercise training can help to maintain a high level of aerobic fitness in older adults it cannot prevent values from declining with age and the rate of decline in athletes who continue to train into old age is reported to be similar to that in sedentary individuals although there may be exceptions.

Exercise training

What can profoundly influence physical function in older individuals?

1%

What is the approximate rate of decline in VO2max per year?

Decreased skeletal muscle tissue

Which of the following is not a factor which could be responsible for an improvement in maximal arteriovenous oxygen difference.

True

Physical activity reduces the risk off disability and morbidity.

8th

In what decade does 100m time start to decrease?

False

The decline in VO2max is thought to be largely related to reductions in maximal heart rate and fat mass.

False

Decreases in physical capacities do not have important implications for the ability to perform activities of daily living.

True

Behavior is anything an organism or living being does, which includes actions, words, and manifestations of emotions and thoughts.

False

Changing behavior is NOT a multidimensional aspect of what we do.

Precontemplation

Which of the following is NOT a main construct in the transtheoretical model?

Contemplation

Which stage of change is "I might"

Precontemplation

Which stage of change is "I can't or I won't"

True

Decisional balance assesses the importance that you place on the potential advantage and disadvantages of a behavior

Genetics

Which of the following is not a source of self-efficacy?

False

There is not a difference between perceived susceptibility and perceived severity.

One's opinion of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action

Which of the following defines "perceived barrriers"?

True

Behavior depends on value placed by you on a particular goal and your estimate of the likelihood that a given action will achieve the goal.