Terms 7

Ch. 7: The Endocrine System - Endocrology

What is the overall function of the endocrine system?

is to maintain homeostasis

* Adjust nutrient levels
* Respond to the environment
* Direct growth and development

The endocrine system organs functions by:

* Sending signals to other organs.
* Receiving signals from other organs.
* Changing their behavior based on the signals.

Signals are from one organ to another by?

via the bloodstream.

The hypothalamus is a structure in your brain that?

makes and releases many hormones.

The hypothalamus sends hormones into the blood that travel directly?

to the anterior pituitary gland.

Hormones from the anterior pituitary gland stimulate?

other endocrine glands.

Aden/o

=gland

Adren/o, adrenal/o

=adrenal

Cortic/o

=cortex (outer)

Gonad/o

=testes; ovaries

Pancreat/o

=pancreas

Pituitar/o, hypophsy/o

=pituitary

Thym/o

=thymus

Thyr/o, thyroid/o

=thyroid

Gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o

sugar

Crin/o

to secrete

Endocrine

=secretes in blood

Exocrine

=secretes outside of blood

The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the

blood that act on other organs.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Thyroid secretes T3, T4, and calcitonin

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Stimulate the gonads

Hyperthyroidism from thyroid gland

overactive thyroid

Hypothyroidism from thyroid gland

underactive thyroid

Calcitonin from thyroid gland

Present during high levels of blood calcium

Pancreas secretes both

exocrine and endocrine

Insulin

decreases blood sugar

Glucagon

increases blood sugar

Adrenal gland has

* Medulla (inner)
* Cortex (outside)

Medulla creates

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Cortex creates

Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids creates

* Mineralocorticoids
* Glucocorticoids
* Testosterone and estrogen

Hormone levels are detected by measuring

blood concentration levels of nutrients.

Hyperglycemia

=high BS

Hypoglycemia

\-Low BS

Euglycemia

=normal BS

Glucosuria

substances like sugar

Ketonuria

substances like ketones

Hormon/o

hormone

Ket/o

=ketone body (acidic)

\-tropin

=stimulating hormone

\-emia

blood condition

\-uria

urine condition

Adenalgia

pain in a gland

Adrenal virilism

development of male secondary sexual characteristics caused by excessive secretion of the adrenal gland

Adrenarche

beginning of adrenal secretion (at puberty)

Hirsutism

excessive growth of facial and body hair in women

Amenorrhea

=no menstrual period

Gynecomastia

=breast development in males

Hypergonadism

=over secretion of sex glands

Hypogonadism

=under secretion of sex glands

Menarche

=first menstruation

Thelarche

=breast development

Hypoglycemic

pertaining to low blood sugar

Pancreatalgia

pain in the pancreas

Polydipsia

excessive thirst

Polyphagia

excessive eating

Polyuria

excessive urination

Acromegaly

abnormal enlargement of the extremities

Galactorrhea

discharge of milk

Pituitary dwarfism

abnormally short height caused by the undersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

Pituitary gigantism

abnormally tall height caused by oversecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland

Exophthalmos

protrusion of the eyes out of the eye socket

Thyrocele, goiter

swollen thyroid gland

Thyromegaly

enlargement of the thyroid

Thyroptosis

downward displacement (drooping) of the thyroid

Euglycemia

good blood sugar

Hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

Chloremia

increased chloride in the blood

Hypercalcemia

excessive calcium in the blood

Hyperkalemia

excessive potassium in the blood

Hypernatremia

excessive sodium in the blood

Hyperphosphatemia

excessive phosphate in the blood

Acidemia

abnormal acidity of the blood

Alkalemia

abnormal alkalinity (opposite of acidity) of the blood

Hypercholesterolemia

excessive cholesterol in the blood

Hyperlipidemia

high blood sugar

Uremia

presence of urinary waste in the blood

Calciuria

calcium in the urine

Glucosuria

sugar in urine

Ketonuria

ketone bodies in the urine

Polyuria

excessive urination

Hormone originating from the anterior pituitary gland

* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
* Corticotropin=short name for ACTH
* Gonadotropin
* Thyrotropin

Hormones originating from the adrenal gland

* Adrenal medulla
* Adrenal cortex

Glucagon= tells

liver to break down glycogen into glucose

Insulin unlocks

body cells to allow glucose to flow in for energy

Adrenomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the adrenal gland

Euthyroid

normal functioning thyroid

Gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

Glycolysis

breakdown of sugar

Glycopenia

deficiency of sugar

Gonadogenesis

creation/development of gonads

Adenomegaly

abnormal enlargement of a gland

Metabolism

breakdown of matter into energy

Endocrinologist

specialist in internal secretions

Glycemic index

ranking of food based on the way it affects sugar levels in the blood

Ketogenesis

creation of ketone bodies

Cholangiopancreatography

procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas in which an endoscope is passed backward form the digestive tract into the bile duct

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

procedure used to examine the bile ducts and pancreas in which an endoscope is passed backward from the digestive tract to the bile duct