APHG finals unit 1-4

does not include all of the vocab

Define Human geography

The study of where and why human activities are located where they are for such as regions, businesses, and cities .

why what extent do geographers focus on why of where questions?

why places on earth are unique

Why is Eratosthenes significant

The first person to use the term geography.

Define map projection

the method of transferring the graticule of latitude and longitude on a plane surface.

What is the Mercator projection?

the oldest of the map projections; a cylindrical map projection It became the standard map projection for navigation because it is unique in representing north as up and south as down; it is distorted near the poles.

What is the Robinson projection?

a compromise map projection showing the poles as lines rather than points and more accurately portraying high latitude lands and water to land ratio.

What is the impact of distortion on maps?

shape, distance, relative shape, direction

Why are GPS, GIS and remote sensing important tools

Satellite based imagery that orbit above the earth for recording and interpreting information.

Explain the difference between a formal, functional, and vernacular region

formal regions are for common characteristics (uniform + homogenous), functional regions are organized a node or a functional point (Nodal point), vernacular region is a place people believe apart of their cultural identity (perceptual).

Describe concentration.

The way in which a feature is spread over space

Describe patterns and disperation

disperation is the amount of spread of a phenomena over area or a central location, and patterns of Geometric, Square or rectangular, or grid

describe distance decay.

When two groups of people are farther apart, they are less likely to interact with each other.

Compare site vs. situation

site are physical characteristics vs. situation are similarity of places.

Define toponym

A name given to a place on earth

define globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something a worldwide in scope

Define time space convergence

It is the reduction in time it takes for something to reach a place to another.

What is waldo toblers first law of geography

"Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things"

What is diffusion and a hearth?

the process by which a characteristic spreads across space, a hearth is where the starting point of the diffusion is.

Give an example of diffusions.

Relocation, hierarchal, expansion, contagious, and stimulus

what is cultural ecology

The geographic study of human-environment relationships. Different cultures adjust the natural environment around them in unique ways to produce regions.

compare environmental determinism vs. possibilism

Environmental Determinism is how a physical environments caused social development while Possibilism is the physical environment can limit human activities and actions, but others have the option to adapt to their environment

What is the approximate population in the world

7/8 billion

when the the earth reach its 1st billion in the population?

1804

What is doubling time?

The number of years needed to double a population.

When did the world reach 7 billion

2011

How do geographers define overpopulation?

too many people compared to resources.

describe the worlds population distribution

majority of world's population lives in temperate lands between the tropics and polar regions. around 2/3 of the worlds population is concentrated within 500 kilometers/300 miles of an ocean

What are the 4 population clusters in the world?

East Asia, south asia, south-east asia, and western Europe

what are the 5 most populated countries (polical states) in the world in order?

1. China
2. India
3. US
4. Indonesia
5. Pakistan

Define ecumene

The portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlements. Places that are more suitable for survival. These places often have a higher population.

Identify the 3 types of population density

1. arithmetic density (divides population by land area)
2.physiological density (number of people supported by a unit area of arable land)
3.gricultural density (ratio of number of farmers to the amount of arable land- suitable for agriculture)

compares CBR (crude brith rate) to MDCs and LDCs

lower rate in MDCs compared to high and constant increasing rate in LDCs.

what are the characterstics of each of the 4 stages of the traditional demographic transition?

Stage 1: *Low growth
High but fluctuating CDR and CBR. Low NIR. Population composition is youth dependency
Stage 2: *high growth
CBR remains high. CDR plummets due to improved nutrient, sanitation, and medication. NIR rapidly grows. Population composition on youth.
*MDS enters industrial revolution and 150 yrs later LDCs enter Medical revolution
Stage 3: *moderate growth
CBR falling, CDR falling slowly, NIR increase slows, population composition, mostly youth-people surviving longer
Stage 4: * low growth
CBR low, CDR low, NIR falls and stays at low growth, population composition, shifts to elderly
*women education-less babies

Why does population grow at differerent rates in different countreis?

Natural, economic, social, or political reasons

explain stage 5 of DTM and what country is closet to this stage?

Zero population growth, CBR: very low, CDR: low, NIR: negative, population composition: high dependency on elderly.

Japan is closet

Define a population pyrimid

a bar graph representing distribution of population by sex and age.

What is the Malthus theory and how did it turn out in reality?

Population grows exponentially while food output grows arithmetically. population would hurt resources in a country. In reality population growth, slower and wheat production doubled that Malthus predicted.

Who is Thomas Malathus and his significance?

Creator of the Malthus theory

Who is Ester Boserup and his significance?

Claimed that food supply was impacted by population growth.
if population increased, so did production of food supply and technology

Who is Paul Ehrlich and his significance?

doctor who argues that population growth cannot continue without controls because the planet will reach the carrying capacity of our species.

Describe the epidemiologic transition model (diseases)

Stage 1: Infectious diseases, pandemics/epidemics, animal attacks/accidents, malnutrition
Stage 2: Receding pandemics, due to medical advancements (sanitation, nutrition)
Stage 3: Degenerative and human made diseases (aging lifestyle choices, cancer, heart diseases)
Stage 4: Delayed degenerative disease. Delayed due to medical advancements. (Alzheimer's)
Possible state 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases (Ebola, covid-19) Bacteria becomes more resistant to antibiotics and vaccines.

Who is John Snow and his significance?

Dr. John Snow used the power of mapping to identify the source of a cholera outbreak in London, due to water pumps of someone who washed a diaper in it.

What are the different generations, by year and age?

born..
Millennial: 1981- 1997
Gen X: 1995-1964
Baby boom: 1946- 1964
Silent 1928- 1945
Greatest: before 1928

Explain the patterns or laws about migration tendencies according to EG Ravenstein

1. Migration is typically short in distance
2. Migration occurs in steps
3. Urban areas attract both long distance and rural migrants
4. Every migration generates a counterflow
(movement in opposite direction)
5. Young, single, adult, males are more likely to migrate.
(women in shorter distance and families are less likely to)
6. most migration is due to economic factors.

What are major push and pull factors?

economic:
push-> less job offerings,
pull->economic advancements to US and Canada from Latin America and Asia
Cultural:
push-> Slavery and Political instability, refugees unable to enter homes.
pull-> Political conditions, personal choices (education, jobs residence)
Environmental:
push -> Hazard regions (too much or too little water)
pull-> Attractive regions (mountains, seaside, warm climates)

What is distance decay?

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance form the orgin

What is an intervening obstacle in migration?

barriers that hold migrants back from from continuing to travel ( environmental, government polices)

What is Everett Lee's theory of migration?

a model that accounts for push/pull factors and intervening obstacles in order to predict migration patterns

What the Zelinsky model of migration, AKA migration transition model

Stage 1:
High daily or seasonal mobility when it comes to search of food rather than immigration. High CBR and CBR. Low NIR
Stage 2:
Migration patterns are due to technological changes, highest senders of migrants, same CBR, Plummeting CDR, High NIR
Stage 3/4:
highest level of permanent internal migration. emigrating from stage 2 countries for better economic opportunities Moderating NIR
Rapidly declining CDR

What is Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants

What is the immigration act of 1924 or the johnson-reed act (national Origins quota law)

System that limited people into the United states during a one year period.

What ia the immigration refrom act of 1965 (ends of national quota law)

This changed the existing quotas by eliminating individual countries and later replaced them with the hemisphere quotas. It changed the Eastern Hemisphere to a restriction of 170,000 and 120,000 for the Western Hemisphere.

Describe the world refugee crisis over the last decade

Vietnam:
Occurred after Vietnam war, allowing help by evacuating people to the US, as the war started to fade, people were no longer considered refugees
Cuba:
Migrated for economic advancement after dictatorship under Francis Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier
Haiti:
Mostly migrating to seek political asylum, after the 1959 revolution (brought communist government of Fidel Castro to power)

How do guest programs works and what are they for?

Migrants of poor countries who get jobs in Western Europe and the Middle East, send money back to native countries helping economy, worked essential workers/services taking lower statues and skilled jobs that local residents won’t apply for, meaning they earn less.

What is the smallest distinctive item of culture?

a cultural trait

What is a cultural landscape

Natural landscape that has been modified by humans reflecting cultural beliefs and values

Who is Carl Sauer and his significance?

An American geographer who invented the theory of cultural landscape.

What is an artifact

Visible, physical, objects created by culture (humans). EX: Architecture, homes, clothing.

what is a mentifact

(mental) Ideas, beliefs, values and knowledge of a culture. AKA ideological subsystem. EX, Language, Religious beliefs.

what is a sociofact

The ways in which society behaves and organizes institutions. EX: family, government, religion.

what is the difference between a habit and a custom

A habit is a repetitive act done by an induvial, a custom repetitive act done by a group

List folk culture characteristics

Folk culture is practiced in homogenous (same) , smaller groups, isolated areas, rural, and traditional, in LDCs, oral communication, changes slowly.

what is popular culture

Heterogenous (diverse), Urban, Interconnected, Innovation, changes rapidly, global/national, mass media, in MDCs

contrast how folk and popular culture diffuse

popular customs are more likely than folk customs to diffuse rapidly through modern communication and transportation where as folk is isolated preventing it from diffusing

What are the 3 diffusion patterns of the US folk homes

1. Lower Chesapeake: Diffused to Southeast coast.
2. Middle Atlantic: Carried the house type to westward across Ohio valley and southwesward the Appalachian trails.
3. New England (4 styles): Moved northward to Upper New England in Westward across the south southern Great Lakes region.

name some folk homes.

Lower Chesapeake, Middle Atlantic, New England

Define Syncretism

Fusion of 2 cultural traits and form a new one, happen through imperialism , military conquest, immigration

Define acculturation

Prolonged contact between 2+ cultures when they adapt traits from another culture.

define literary tradition

a system of written communication.

define ideographic method of writing

The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound,

What language is spoken by the greatest number of native speakers in the world.

Mandarin Chinese

What is the English language created from?

Angles, Saxons, Jutes +Germanic and French words
from Norman and German invasions

what is the impact of English colonization to the English language?

increased language contact, processes of structural nativization, and the emergence of the language

How did English become a lingua franca since World War ll?

spread by migration, conquest, and expansion diffusion

What is the official language in the US?

The US has no official language.

Why do dialects differ from region to region around the world?

Isolation.

What is a language family?

connected by a common ancient ancestor and trace to common hearth,

What is a language branch?

Collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago that are now separated.

What is a language group?

Collection of languages that share recent past and similar vocabularies

What are the major language families?

Indo-European: largest (3.2 billion),
Sino-Tibetan 2nd largest (1.4 billion)

What are the major Indo-European Branches?

8 branches but major are..
Germanic, Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, Romance

What is a lingua franca?

Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

What is a creole/creolized language?

a language that is resulted from the mixing of a colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

Why do people preserve local langauges?

Streetscapes/signage, mass media, Festivals

Why is Hebrew a revived language?

Become 1 of the 2 official languages in Israel, Hebrew used in many Jewish prayers, no other language could symbolically unify the disparate cultural groups in the new country and The Jewish population consisted of refugees and migrants from many countries who spoke many languages.

Why is Latin an extinct language?

still used in specific contexts, but does not have any native speakers.

What is the difference between monotheism and polytheism

monotheism is a religion that believes in one god while polytheism is a religion that has multiple gods

What are the hearth areas for major universalizing religions?

Christians: present day Israel through relocation, contagious and hierarchical
Islam: Mecca in Saudi Arabia through hierarchical

What are examples of monotheistic religions?

Judaism, Christianity and Islam

What are examples of polytheistic religions?

Hinduism, Shintoism, Taoism

Why is Jerusalem a place of conflict between religions

overlapping of too many religions between Jews, Muslims, Christians.

How does a universaling religon appeal to people in a wide variety of locations?

Universalizing religions attempt to be global, appeal to all people rather than just a group of people

How does a universalizing religion convert peoples to its ranks?

expansion or relocation diffusion

What is the largest universaling religon?

Christianity

What is the fastest growing universaling religon?

Islam

What are the 3 major universal religions?

Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam

Describe the major branches of Christianity.

Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant

How is Roman Catholic distributed around the world and the US?

Nearly 90% concentrated in the Western Hemisphere, with Catholics in Latin America, French Canada, and the U.S. Northeast and West.

How is Eastern Orthodox distributed around the world and the US?

Eastern Europe (Russia to Greece), in US northeast and west coast

How is Protestant distributed around the world and the US?

in northern countries, and in the US southern states