lesson 1-2

macro skills of communication

reading, speaking, listening, and writing

reading

It is the process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning from them.

Lapp and Flood (1978)

According to who? Reading is a decoding process. the breaking down of written codes. Reading is seen as a comprehension process.

Woods (2006)

according to who? there are THREE STAGES of reading

PRE-READING

the purpose of reading is set; the old knowledge of the reader is activated, and the meaning of unfamiliar words are deciphered.

DURING READING

the reader grasps the meaning of the reading material by connecting it to his old knowledge or schema.

POST READING

enables the reader to establish a connection between what they learned with what they know. In this stage also, the reader processes the learned information.

SKIMMING

a strategy that involves reading rapidly to get the main idea of a written text to know what the material is all about.

previewing, overviewing, and surveying

3 styles for skimming

Previewing

giving the material a general look to know what the material contains.

Overviewing

this makes use of taking a look at the title, chapter or heading.

Surveying

giving the text a rundown from the first section to the last section.

SCANNING

a strategy that involves reading rapidly to find specific information needed.

COMPREHENSIVE READING

requires the processing of the text for a full understanding of the material.

CRITICAL READING

a technique that involves an analysis of the claims presented in the text.

skimming, scanning, comprehensive reading, and critical reading

TECHNIQUES IN READING

Reading Comprehension

Refers to the understanding of what you read. It is determined by answering questions about the selection read.

INFERRING

A comprehension skill involves using information presented in the text and connecting it to your knowledge.

literal comprehension, inferential comprehension, and applied comprehension

3 levels of comprehension

LITERAL COMPREHENSION

Involves understanding of the message directly stated in the text.

INFERENTIAL COMPREHENSION

This means you as a reader can make inferences, draw conclusions, and predict outcomes from information implicitly stated in the text.

APPLIED COMPREHENSION

How you can use your experiences and prior knowledge in the written text in making an evaluation.

SUMMARIZING

Condensing the text into a shorter form. It involves getting only the most important parts of the material.

PARAPHRASING

Entails the use of rewording and rephrasing of the original text.

FACTS

These are statements that are verified to be either true or false.

OPINIONS

It is the author’s personal view or biases about a certain topic.

Pre-reading, during reading and post reading

3 stages of reading

para and graphein

The word paragraph is associated with two Greek words

para

which means “beyond” or “beside”

graphein

which means “to write”

paragraph

It is a collection of related sentences with one central idea. Each sentence shows a connection to other sentences.

Topic sentence, supporting details, and clinching sentence

What makes a paragraph?

Topic sentence

reveals the main or central idea of the paragraph.

Supporting details

give the paragraph life as it elaborates on the scope given by the topic sentence.

Clinching sentence

closes the paragraph.

Dagdag (2010)

According to who? this “may be a restatement of the topic sentence, a summary, or a conclusion based on the supporting details.”

Narration, Description, Definition, Classification and Exemplification, Comparison & Contrast, Cause and Effect, Problem Solution, and Persuasion

PATTERNS OF WRITTEN TEXTS ACROSS DISCIPLINES

WRITING PATTERNS

It is a specific way of organizing ideas to convey a certain type of argument.

DISCIPLINE

It refers to the specific subject or field.

narrare

root word of narrate which comes from the Latin

narrare

which means related or told. It gives a written account of an event or story, or simply, storytelling.

Narration

The sequence of events is told in chronological order. A narrative paragraph simply tells what happened and establishes facts. It is sharing of personal experiences that offers lessons and insights.

setting, plot, characters, theme and point of view

ELEMENTS OF NARRATION

Narration

It is the most common type of paragraph development.

Setting

It is the time and location in which a story takes place.

Characters

The life giving element of the story.

Plot

It is the logical series of events in the story.

exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and denouement

Five Components of Plot

Exposition

It is the part of the story where the characters and the setting are revealed.

Rising Action

It is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is exposed.

Falling Action

The events and complications begin to resolve themselves.

Denouement

The final resolution of the plot in the story.

Theme

It is the central message that the author is trying to express.

Point of View

It is the perspective of the writer in narrating the story.

First-person point of view

The story is told by the protagonist or one of the characters using pronouns I, me, and we.

Second-person point of view

The author uses the pronouns you, yours, and your.

Third-person point of view

The narrator is not part of the story but describes the events that happen. The writer uses the pronouns he, she, him, and her.

Description

gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like. It appeals to the reader’s senses.

descriptive paragraph

It has concrete and specific details, which are carefully chosen by a writer to paint a picture in the mind of the reader.

Sensory Languages

the kind of words the author used to describe how the subject looks, sounds, feel, smell or even tastes.

objective and subjective description

TWO TYPES OF DESCRIPTION

Objective description

it is a factual description of the topic at hand.

Subjective description

it is an artistic way of describing things, mostly from the eye and perspective of the writer.

definition

It explains what a term means. It provides concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar words and explains special meanings for familiar words.

formal and informal paragraph and definition paragraph

Types of Definitions

Formal Definition

The definitions provided in dictionaries.

Informal Definitions

The four common informal definitions are operational definitions, synonyms, denotations and connotations.

operational, synonyms, denotation, and connotation

types of informal definitions

Operational Definitions

gives the meaning of an abstract word for one particular time and place.

Synonyms

words that mean the same as another word.

Denotation

is the exact meaning of the word

Connotation

is an idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or things.

Definition Paragraph

It is extended into a paragraph by adding meanings, descriptions, narrations , and other kinds of paragraph development to make clear the term being defined.

standard, regulatory, qualifying, personal and invented definitions

Other types of definition

Standard Definition

definitions which rarely change and is universally accepted.

Regulatory Definition

meanings assigned by organizations and changes depending how it used.

Qualifying Definition

meanings of words that are subject for interpretation.

Personal Definition

definitions which depends on the interpretation or assigned meaning of the writer.

Invented Definition

meanings given to words which are newly coined as already being used in the society.

narrare

root word of narrate which comes from the Latin

narrare

which means related or told. It gives a written account of an event or story, or simply, storytelling.

Narration

The sequence of events is told in chronological order. A narrative paragraph simply tells what happened and establishes facts. It is sharing of personal experiences that offers lessons and insights.

setting, plot, characters, theme and point of view

ELEMENTS OF NARRATION

Narration

It is the most common type of paragraph development.

Setting

It is the time and location in which a story takes place.

Characters

The life giving element of the story.

Plot

It is the logical series of events in the story.

exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and denouement

Five Components of Plot

Exposition

It is the part of the story where the characters and the setting are revealed.

Rising Action

It is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is exposed.

Falling Action

The events and complications begin to resolve themselves.

Denouement

The final resolution of the plot in the story.

Theme

It is the central message that the author is trying to express.

Point of View

It is the perspective of the writer in narrating the story.

First person point of view

The story is told by the protagonist or one of the characters using pronouns I, me, and we.

Second person point of view

The author uses the pronouns you, yours, and your.

Third person point of view

The narrator is not part of the story but describes the events that happen. The writer uses the pronouns he, she, him, and her.

Description

gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like. It appeals to the reader’s senses.

descriptive paragraph

It has concrete and specific details, which are carefully chosen by a writer to paint a picture in the mind of the reader.

Sensory Languages

the kind of words the author used to describe how the subject looks, sounds, feel, smell or even tastes.