Geography - Changing Spaces, Making Places - Key Terms

Place Identity

Helps differentiate one place from another.

Characteristics of a place

* Physical Geography,


* Demography,
* Socio-economic,
* Cultural,
* Political,
* Built environment.

Physical Geography

Altitude, slope angle, aspect, drainage, geology.

Demography

* Number of inhabitants,
* Age,
* Gender,
* Ethnicity

Socio-Economic

* Employment,
* Income,
* Family status,
* Education.

Cultural

* Religion,
* Local Traditions,
* Local Clubs and Societies.

Political

* Local, Regional and National Government,
* Local groups like resident associations.

Built Environment

* Age and Style of Buildings,
* Building materials,
* Density of housing.

Time space compression

Relative distances of places become shorter due to advances in technology, making the world seem smaller, ‘Global Village’.

Greenfield site

Sites that haven’t been built on before.

Brownfield site

Sites that have been built on before.

Place Profile

Description of a place based on the combination of the characteristics of that place.

Homogeneous ethnicity

All the inhabitants are of the same ethnicity.

Census

Data collected every 10 years to determine different factors about the country including-

* Age,
* Religion,
* Ethnicity,
* Household income.

Housing tenure

Document stating a persons right to own and live in that house.

Households

A house and all its occupants.

Shifting flows of resources

The movements of a countries need for resources to other avenues.

Shifting flows of ideas

The movement of a countries need for ideas in a particular sector to advance that area.

Knowledge economy

The ability to capitalize on scientific discoveries and applied research.

Place

It is an area that the person has a personal attachment to, whether that is positive or negative.

Space

An area that a person has no personal attachment to and therefore has no view on it.

Perception of Place

How a person sees a place - whether they see it negatively or positively, based off of their own experiences or experiences of others like them.

Factors influencing perception of place

Can be based off of many things,

* Childhood,
* Hearing about it from someone,
* Seeing it in a movie,
* Age,
* Religion,
* Gender.

Stereotypes

A generally thought idea and perception of a place that is very oversimplified.

Geography of fear

Areas or places people think are fearful or dangerous.

Personal geography

Your own personal view on the world and areas within the world.

Ghettos

A poor urban area occupied primarily by a minority group or groups.

Pink Pound

Purchasing power of the LGBT community.

Emotional attachment to a place

A persons experiences that shape how someone views a place.

Diaspora

Spread of people from their homeland.

Gloabalisation

The increasing interconnectedness between people due to the advancement of technology and faster communication and trading between countries.

Global village

Term for time space compression that the world is getting smaller and more interconnected.

Informal representation of a place

A representation of a place based off of media. Examples are-

* Graffiti,
* Crime figures,
* Music,
* Film.

Formal representation of a place

Produced by political, social and cultural agencies. Examples are-

* Local government,
* Education institutions,
* Tourist boards,
* National heritage agencies,
* Large businesses.

Rural communities

Rural areas have more tight knit family communities where everyone knows everyone.

Spatial inequality

Unequal distribution of resources and services across different areas or locations.

Quality of life

Wellbeing of groups or people, looks at where they live and how happy they are rather than how much money they have.

Standard of living

Level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a group of people in an area.

Cycle of deprivation

Deprivation

The extent to which an individual or an area is deprived of services and amenities.

Index of multiple deprivation

Relative measure of deprivation.

LSOA

Lower Layer Super Output Areas used to measure deprivation in an area.

Poverty

Someone that has a low standard of living.

Purchasing power

Disposable income of people in an area.

Poverty Threshold

The line that determines whether someone is in poverty or not.

Gini Coefficient

It measures the extent to which the distribution of income within a country differs from a perfectly equal distribution.

Formal education

Teaching in school follows an official curriculum.

Informal education

Teaching in school does not follow an official curriculum.

Literacy

Amount of people that can read and write in a country.

Postcode lottery

Differences in level of health care between geographical regions for no apparent reason.

Morbidity

Proportion of sickness or specific disease in an area.

Life expectancy

Average lifespan in a country based off of many factors like standard of living and quality of life.

Informal sector jobs

Unskilled and labour intensive jobs that require little money to set up, offer no protection to the workers and they pay no tax.

Regular income

Income received in uniform intervals.

Human development index

Statistic used to measure the level of development of a country.

Intra-urban scale

Focusses an analysis on one city so the analysis can be more accurate and thorough.

Disposable income

How much money a household has after they have paid tax and all their bills.

Slum housing

Low quality housing, normally built by the person that lives in it.

Squatting

Someone living in a house that they don’t own or is abandoned.

Second home ownership

When someone owns 2 homes.

Inflation

The rise in the price of items due to many external changes, making the currency in that country less valuable.

Millennium development goals

Targets set by the UN in 2000 to help develop countries.

Sustainable development goals

17 goals set to improve human life by 2030.

Urban-rural divide

Rural and urban communities have very different political views.

Structural economic change

Dramatic shift in the way a country operates usually due to major economic developments.

Economic change

Shift in structure, policy or growth in the economy.

Global shift

Movement of economic activities to LICs.

New international division of labour

Growth of transnational corporations resulting in the de-industrialisation of advanced economies.

Economic restructuring

When one sector like secondary is replaced by another sector like tertiary.

Primary sector

Mining and making of materials use for manufacturing. Agriculture, mining.

Secondary sector

Where the goods taken from the primary sector are manufactured into good that are sold.

Tertiary sector

Services sector. Waiters, bartenders.

Quaternary sector

Research sector.

Post-industrial society

Transition of society from a manufacturing based economy to a services based economy.

Local economy

Economic and social systems that make up a local community.

National economy

Economy of a country.

Global economy

Interconnected practices that take place in lots of different countries.

Deindustrialisation

Decline in importance for secondary sector working as they offshore to LICs.

Foreign owned transnational corporations

A transnational corporation that has moved into your country but was not originally founded in your country.

Positive multiplier effect

Snowball effect of economic activity.

Comparative advantage

a countries ability to produce a good at a lower cost than another country.

Booms

Times of high economic growth.

Recessions

Times of low or negative economic growth.

Capitalist economic system

Goods and services are produced and traded on a free market basis.

Core regions

National or world areas of very high economic and technological prosperity.

Macroeconomic indicators

Stats collected by government organisations over population and geography of a country.

Venture capital

Money given by investors to small businesses that they believe have potential to be big.

Transnational governments

Organisations that span over many countries and set rules for them. e.g. EU, NATO and UN.

National government

Government that rules over a single country.

Local government

Localised council that runs the day to day dealings of the specific area.

Taxation

Money paid to the government used to maintain public services.

Subsidies

Government support given to businesses.

Planning

A way of creating better spaces for people to live in in urban areas.

Law

Rules put in place to deter people from doing things that harm society.

Education

Helps developed countries maintain their level of intellect and help the younger generations to keep inventing and innovating to keep the country on top.

Pensions

Payments made by the government to people that are over 65 and have retired so that they can afford basic neccesities.

Immunisation

Vaccines make it so that people are immune to diseases, meaning that productivity in the country can stay high all the time.

Resistance to disease

How common a disease is in a country may correlate to the resistance to the disease in newer generations due to the body building up an immunity to it due to prolonged exposure.

Cottage hospitals

Hospitals that are in small towns and villages and have basic tools and equipment to treat residents in the area.

Key settlement policy

Limits the expansion of villages.