Laboratory Parameters - Urinalysis, Fecalysis, Hematology

Normal urine except:

a. Should be sterile

b. Color: pale yellow

c. pH is 4.5-8 thus generally acidic

d. Specific gravity is 1.002 - 1.030

e. No protein

f. None

f. None

Specific gravity of urine in diabetes mellitus and dehydration.

a. Increased

b. Decreased

a. Increased

Specific gravity of urine in diabetes insipidus.

a. Increased

b. Decreased

b. Decreased

May indicate renal diseases and pre-eclampsia.

a. Protenuria

b. Glucosuria

c. Hematuria

d. Renal Casts

e. Pyuria

a. Protenuria

May indicate diabetes mellitus.

a. Protenuria

b. Glucosuria

c. Hematuria

d. Renal Casts

e. Pyuria

b. Glucosuria

Cardinal signs of DM.

a. Polyuria

b. Polydipsia

c. Weight Loss

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

May indicate renal disease caused by bleeding disorders.

a. Protenuria

b. Glucosuria

c. Hematuria

d. Renal Casts

e. Pyuria

c. Hematuria

May indicate glomerular injury.

a. RBC cast

b. WBC cast

c. Lipid cast

d. Hyalin cast

a. RBC cast

May indicate interstitial or tubular Injury.

a. RBC cast

b. WBC cast

c. Lipid cast

d. Hyalin cast

b. WBC cast

May be caused by proteinuria due to nephrotic syndrome.

a. RBC cast

b. WBC cast

c. Lipid cast

d. Hyalin cast

c. Lipid cast

May be due to dehydration or excessive diuresis.

a. RBC cast

b. WBC cast

c. Lipid cast

d. Hyalin cast

d. Hyalin cast

WBC in urine which indicate infection.

a. Protenuria

b. Glucosuria

c. Hematuria

d. Renal Casts

e. Pyuria

e. Pyuria

Black appearance of stool which indicates upper GI bleeding.

a. Melena

b. Hematochezia

c. Steatorrhea

a. Melena

Red streaks in stool which indicates lower GI Bleed.

a. Melena

b. Hematochezia

c. Steatorrhea

b. Hematochezia

Gray appearance of stool indicating fat malabsorption.

a. Melena

b. Hematochezia

c. Steatorrhea

c. Steatorrhea

Normal RBC in males.

a. 4.3-5.9 million /microliter

b. 3.5-5 million /microliter

a. 4.3-5.9 million /microliter

Normal RBC in females.

a. 4.3-5.9 million /microliter

b. 3.5-5 million /microliter

b. 3.5-5 million /microliter

%RBC in the blood.

a. RBC

b. Hematocrit

c. Hemoglobin

d. Reticulocyte

e. RBC indices

b. Hematocrit

Normal hematocrit in males.

a. 42-52%

b. 37-47%

a. 42-52%

Normal hematocrit in females.

a. 42-52%

b. 37-47%

b. 37-47%

Hematocrit during dehydration.

a. Increased

b. Decreased

a. Increased

Hematocrit during polycythemia.

a. Increased

b. Decreased

a. Increased

Polycythemia - high number of red blood cells

Hematocrit during overhydration.

a. Increased

b. Decreased

b. Decreased

Hematocrit during anemia.

a. Increased

b. Decreased

b. Decreased

Hemoglobin of patient with sickle cell anemia.

a. HbA

b. HbF

c. HbS

d. HbC

c. HbS

HbA - adult hemoglobin

HbF - fetal hemoglobin

HbC - another abnormal hemoglobin (disease)

Normal hemoglobin in males:

a. 13-18%

b. 12-16%

a. 13-18%

Normal hemoglobin in females:

a. 13-18%

b. 12-16%

b. 12-16%

Wintrobe's.

a. RBC

b. Hematocrit

c. Hemoglobin

d. Reticulocyte

e. RBC indices

e. RBC indices

RBC indices include:

a. Mean Corpuscular Volume

b. Mean Cell Hemoglobin oncentration

c. Mean Cell Hemoglobin

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Normal Mean Corpuscular Volume:

a. 80-100

b. <80

c. >100

a. 80-100

Mean Corpuscular Volume indicating microcytic cell:

a. 80-100

b. <80

c. >100

b. <80

Mean Corpuscular Volume indicating macrocytic cell:

a. 80-100

b. <80

c. >100

c. >100

Normal Mean Cell Hemoglobin.

a. 26-34

b. 31-37

a. 26-34

Normal Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration.

a. 26-34

b. 31-37

c. <31

d. >37

b. 31-37

Hypochromic:

a. 26-34

b. 31-37

c. <31

d. >37

Hyperchromic:

a. 26-34

b. 31-37

c. <31

d. >37

d. >37

Immature RBCs.

a. RBC

b. Hematocrit

c. Hemoglobin

d. Reticulocyte

e. RBC indices

d. Reticulocyte

Reticulocyte count in hemolysis or blood loss.

a. Increased

b. Decreased

a. Increased

Normal WBC:

a. 4000-11000 cell/mcL

b. 5000-1100 cell/mcL

a. 4000-11000 cell/mcL

WBC include the following except:

a. Neutrophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophils

e. Basophils

f. None

f. None

Increased in bacterial infection and necrosis.

a. Neutrophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophils

e. Basophils

a. Neutrophils

Increased in viral infection.

a. Neutrophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophils

e. Basophils

b. Lymphocytes

Increased in TB and endocarditis.

a. Neutrophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophils

e. Basophils

c. Monocytes

Increased in parasitic infection and acute allergic reactions.

a. Neutrophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophils

e. Basophils

d. Eosinophils

Increased in leukemia and hypersensitivity reactions.

a. Neutrophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophils

e. Basophils

e. Basophils

Decreased in fungal infection and inflammation.

a. Neutrophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophils

e. Basophils

a. Neutrophils

Decrease in debilitating infection, AIDs.

a. Neutrophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophils

e. Basophils

b. Lymphocytes

50-70% of WBC.

a. Neutrophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophils

e. Basophils

a. Neutrophils

20-40% of WBC

a. Neutrophils

b. Lymphocytes

c. Monocytes

d. Eosinophils

e. Basophils

b. Lymphocytes

Normal platelets:

a. 4000-11000 cell/mcL

b. 5000-1100 cell/mcL

c. 150,000-300,000 cell/mcL

d. 200,000-400,000 cell/mcL

c. 150,000-300,000 cell/mcL

Platelets in anemia.

a. Increased

b. Decreased

a. Increased

Platelets in viral infection especially of the flaviviruses.

a. Increased

b. Decreased

b. Decreased

Flaviruses include Dengue Virus, Chikungunya Virus

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate during inflammation and infection.

a. Increased

b. Decreased

a. Increased

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate during necrosis and malignancy.

a. Increased

b. Decreased

b. Decreased

Monitoring for heparin use and reflects the intrinsic pathway of clotting.

a. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)

b. Prothrombin Time (PT)

a. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)

Normal Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT):

a. 20-30 seconds

b. 30-40 seconds

b. 30-40 seconds

Decrease in APTT cause:

a. Clotting

b. Bleeding

a. Clotting

Monitoring of warfarin and reflects the extrinsic pathway of clotting.

a. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)

b. Prothrombin Time (PT)

b. Prothrombin Time (PT)

Normal Prothrombin Time (PT).

a. 11-13.5

b. 2-3

a. 11-13.5

Normal Prothrombin International Normalized Ratio (INR) during warfarin therapy.

a. 11-13.5

b. 2-3

c. 2.5-3.5

b. 2-3

Normal Prothrombin International Normalized Ratio (INR) in patient with prosthetic heart valves.

a. 11-13.5

b. 2-3

c. 2.5-3.5

c. 2.5-3.5

High PT International Normalized Ratio (INR) will lead to:

a. Clotting

b. Bleeding

b. Bleeding

Hematopoiesis is the synthesis of all cellular blood components which involve which organs?

a. Bone marrow

b. Spleen

c. Both

d. None of these

c. Both

Essential hormones and vitamins for hematopoiesis.

a. Fe2+

b. B6, B9, B12

c. Erythropoietin

d. a and c

e. All

e. All

Vitamin B essential for hematopoiesis except:

a. B5

b. B6

c. B9

d. B12

e. None

a. B5

Erythropoietin is produced in the:

a. Spleen

b. Liver

c. Kidney

d. Hypothalamus

c. Kidney

Thrombopoietin is produced in the:

a. Spleen

b. Liver

c. Kidney

d. Hypothalamus

b. Liver

Important in decarboxylation.

a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine

b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

c. Vitamin B3: Niacin

d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine

Important for redox reactions.

a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine

b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

c. Vitamin B3: Niacin

d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

f. Two of these

f. Two of these

Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

Vitamin B3: Niacin

Important for CoA.

a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine

b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

c. Vitamin B3: Niacin

d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

Important for transamination.

a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine

b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

c. Vitamin B3: Niacin

d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

Important in carboxylation.

a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

b. Vitamin B7: Biotin

c. Vitamin B9: Folate

d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin

b. Vitamin B7: Biotin

Vitamin H.

a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

b. Vitamin B7: Biotin

c. Vitamin B9: Folate

d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin

b. Vitamin B7: Biotin

Important in 1C transfer.

a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

b. Vitamin B7: Biotin

c. Vitamin B9: Folate

d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin

c. Vitamin B9: Folate

Important in metabolism of odd numbered C fatty acids.

a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

b. Vitamin B7: Biotin

c. Vitamin B9: Folate

d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin

d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin

Important in heme synthesis.

a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

b. Vitamin B7: Biotin

c. Vitamin B9: Folate

d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin

d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin

Deficiency in this vitamin lead to cheilosis.

a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine

b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

c. Vitamin B3: Niacin

d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

Deficiency in this vitamin lead to Beri-beri.

a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine

b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

c. Vitamin B3: Niacin

d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine

Deficiency in this vitamin lead to Pellagra (Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia).

a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine

b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

c. Vitamin B3: Niacin

d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

c. Vitamin B3: Niacin

Deficiency in this vitamin lead to Burning Foot Syndrome.

a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine

b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

c. Vitamin B3: Niacin

d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

Deficiency in this vitamin lead to peripheral neuropathy.

a. Vitamin B1: Thiamine

b. Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

c. Vitamin B3: Niacin

d. Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

e. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

Deficiency in this vitamin lead to alopecia.

a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

b. Vitamin B7: Biotin

c. Vitamin B9: Folate

d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin

b. Vitamin B7: Biotin

Deficiency in this vitamin lead to anemia in adults and spina bifida in fetus.

a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

b. Vitamin B7: Biotin

c. Vitamin B9: Folate

d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin

c. Vitamin B9: Folate

Deficiency in this vitamin lead to megaloblastic anemia.

a. Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

b. Vitamin B7: Biotin

c. Vitamin B9: Folate

d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin

d. Vitamin B12: Cobalamin

Anemia caused by deficiency in vitamin B9 and B12.

a. Macrocytic

b. Microcytic

c. Normocytic

a. Macrocytic

Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

a. Macrocytic

b. Microcytic

c. Normocytic

b. Microcytic

Anemia caused by iron deficiency.

a. Macrocytic

b. Microcytic

c. Normocytic

b. Microcytic

Anemia caused by CKD, hemolysis, or blood loss.

a. Macrocytic

b. Microcytic

c. Normocytic

c. Normocytic

Aplastic anemia.

a. Macrocytic

b. Microcytic

c. Normocytic

c. Normocytic

Anemia can be due to the following except:

a. Hypoproliferation of RBC

b. Defective nuclear maturation of RBC

c. Increased destruction of RBC

d. Abnormal production of RBC

e. None

e. None

RBC hypoproliferation may be due to tue following except:

a. Bone marrow failure

b. Renal failure

c. Iron deficiency

d. Inflammatory block in chronic diseases

e. None

e. None

Chloramphenicol and phenylbutazone may lead to:

a. Bone marrow failure

b. Renal failure

c. Iron deficiency

d. Inflammatory block in chronic diseases

a. Bone marrow failure

Causes aplastic anemia due to nitroreduction.

a. Chloramphenicol

b. Phenylbutazone

a. Chloramphenicol

Causes pancytopenia or loss of all components of blood.

a. Chloramphenicol

b. Phenylbutazone

b. Phenylbutazone

Most sensitive marker of Fe deficiecy

a. Hemoglobin

b. Ferritin

c. Transferrin

d. Erythropoietin

b. Ferritin

Defective nuclear maturation may be due to:

a. Folate deficiency

b. B12 deficiency

c. Fe deficiency

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

d. a and b

Folate deficiency

B12 deficiency

Decrease intrinsic factor.

a. Megaloblastic anemia

b. Pernicious anemia

b. Pernicious anemia

B12 deficiency.

a. Megaloblastic anemia

b. Pernicious anemia

a. Megaloblastic anemia

Autoimmune disease attacking parietal cells.

a. Megaloblastic anemia

b. Pernicious anemia

b. Pernicious anemia

Increased destruction of RBC may be due to:

a. G6PD Deficiency

b. Autoimmune disease

c. Both of these

d. None of these

c. Both of these