AP Psych Unit 7 Vocab

Snatchee from Kaplans AP prep list :)

Motivation

Processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior

extrinsic motivation

motivation driven by an external reward or punishment

intrinsic motivation

motivation driven by internal factors such as enjoyment and satisfaction

approach-approach conflicts

conflicts in which you must decide between desireable options

avoidance-avoidance conflicts

conflicts in which you must decide between undesirable options

approach-avoidance conflicts

conflicts in which you must decide between options with both desirable and undesirable features

instincts

inborn, fixed patterns of behavior that present in response to certain stimuli and are often species-specific

instinct theory

a theory beased on the work of darwin, stating that people perform certain behaviors due to instincts developed through generations fo evolution

drive

a state of unreset or irritation that energizes particular behaviors to alleviate itp

primary drives

innate needs that are found in all humans and animals and are vital to survival, such as the needs for food, water, and warmth

homeostasis

a dynamic state of equillibrium maintained by fulfilling drives and regulating internal conditions such as body temperature and blood pressure

secondary drives

needs, such as money and social approval, that are learned through experience

drive reduction theory

a theory stating that imbalances to your bodys internal environment generate drives that cause you to act in ways that restore homeostasisa

arousal

the physiological and psychological state of being active and alert, as reflected by factors like heart rate, muscle tone, brain activity, and blood pressure

arousal theory

a theory stating that individuals are motivated to perform behaviors in order to maintain an optimal arousal level, typically a moderate level.

yerkes-dodson law

a moderate level of arousal allows for optimal performance, though this optimal level can vary based on the individual and the nature of the task

incentive theory

a theory of motivation stating that behaviors are motivated by the desire to attain rewards and avoud punishments

need

an internal desire or deficiency that can motivate behavior

maslows hierarchy of needs

a theory that classifies needs into five categories, ranked by priority from lowest to highest: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization

self-actualization

the last level in maslows hierarchy, this need

obesity

a medical condition characterized by a body mass index of greater than 30 and associated with various health problems, such as an increased risk of heart disease and diabetes

sex drive

an example of a primary drive, it describes how motivated an individual is to partake in sexual behavior

sexual orientation

a persons identity in relation to the group or gender to which they are attracted; most commonly homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual or asexual.

stress

the physiological and emotional state that an individual experiences in response to challenging environmental demands s

stressors

objects or circumstances that cause individuals to experience stress.

distress

stress caused by a negative stressor that can have adverse effects, such as making you sick or keeping you from reaching a goal

eustress

stress caused by a positive stressor that can have beneficial effects, such as energizing you or helping you reach a goal

stress reactions

physiological, psychological, and behavorial responses to stress, such as fatigue, anxiety and nausea

cognitive appraisal

an individuals subjective evaluation of a stress inducing situation

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Developed by selye to explaine the body´s response to stress, it consists of three phases: alarm, resistance and exhaustion

emotion

a psychological and physiological respons characterized by pleasure, pain, and/or other feelings

james-lange theory

a thoery stating that emotional responses occur as a result of physiological arousal

cannon-bard theory

a theory stating that emotional responses occur as a result of physiological arousal

two-factor theory

also known as the schachter-singer theory, it states that both physiological arousal and proper cognitive labeling of that arousal are necessary for an individual to experience emotions

appraisal theory of emotion

a theory stating that cognition precedes both physiological arousal and emotional experience. A primary appraisal is the determination of the meaning of the stimulus and secondary appraisal is the determination of the ability to cope with the stimulus.

personality

the set of thoughts feelings traits and behaviors that are characteristic of a person and consistent over time and in different situations

type theory

a kind of personality theory that organizes people into different sorts of individualst

trait theory

a kind of personality theory that lists classifiable characteristics that add together in different combinations and to different degrees to make a unique personality

type-a

an ambitions and competitive personality according to one type theoryt

type-b

a laid back and relaxed personalitya ccording to one type theory

PEN model

trait theory that focuses on placing people on a continuum for each of three personality traits: psychoticism, extracersion and neuroticism

psychoticism

pen trait that corresponds to aggression and non conformity e

extroversion

PEN trait that corresponds to thriving on external stimulation: also a member of the Big Five

Neuroticism

PEN trait that corresponds to anxiety and fight-or-flight stress response; also a member of the big five

big five

trait theory that reorganizes and builds on the PEN traits, keeping extraversion and neuroticism, and adding openness to experience, conscientiousness and agreeableness. can be remembered using the mnemonic ocean

openness to experience

big five trait that corresponds to curiosity vs caution

conscientiousness

big five trait that corresponds to organization vs carelessness

Biopsychological approach

theory that maintains that personality is heavily influenced by genes

behavorist approach

theory that maintains that personality is heavily influenced by environment and experience

social cognitive perspective

theory that maintains personality both shapes and is shaped by the environment

reciprocal determinism

the idea from the social cognitive perspective that thoughts feelings beliefs and environment all influence each other in determining a persons actions in a given situation

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective

personality theory that explains behaviors by looking at unconscious drives and feelings

structural model

divides the conscious and unconscious mind into the id, ego and superego

id

the part of the personality that consists of all of the basic, primal urges and instincts to survive and reproduce.

pleasure principle

the drive for instant gratification and catharsis (the relief of pent-up tension)[

primary process

the style of thought generated by the id that is simple, primal, and aimed at seeking pleasure and avoiding pain

wish fulfillment

the use of fantasy to imagine satisfying an urge that would be unacceptable to act out

superego

the part of the personality that is focused on creating the ideal self

conscience

the part of the superego that causes feelings of guilt when you succumb to the urges of the id

ego-ideal

the part of the personality that suppresses the needs of the id and superego

reality principle

the egos drive to put off instant gratification and fulfill desires in socially acceptable ways

secondary process

the style of thought generated by the ego that seeks to relieve the tension caused by delaying gratificationde

defense mechanism

the egos means of denying, distorting, or falsifying reality to reduce the anxiety caused by the clash between the id and the superego

repression

defense mechanism marked by pushing an unwanted or socially acceptable feeling out of conscious awareness

supression

defense mechanism marked by consciously setting aside thoughts or feelings that would be unhelpful in the current situation

regression

defense mechanism marked by reverting to an earlier stage of emotional or mental development in response to stress

reaction formation

defesne mechanism marked by turning an unwanted thought or feeling into its opposite

projection

defense mechanism marked by attributing your own unwanted feelings to others

rationalization

defense mechanism marked by justifying unacceptable behaviors to make them more acceptable to yourself or others and to hide your true motivations

displacement

defense mechanism marked by redirecting an unwanted feeling from one target to another

sublimation

defense mechanism marked by transforming an undesirable feeling or drive into a socially acceptable one

personal unconscious

any part of the personality or memory that is not currently conscious because it has been forgotten or repressed

collective unconscious

the instincts and emotionally-charged symbols shared amonbg all people due to our common ancestry, according to jung. a

archetype

one of the emotional instincts or symbols that make up a persons personality

persona

archetype that represents the part of the personality that people present to the outside world

shadow

archetype that represents the part of the personality that is socially unacceptable and hidden away

anima

archetype that represents a mans feminine qualities

animus

archetype that represents a womans masculine qualities

inferiority complex

a persons feelings of incompleteness or imperfection that lead to striving for superiority

basic anxiety

feelings of anxiety or helplessness caused by inadequate parenting

basic hostility

anger caused by parental neglect or rejection

moving toward

strategy to overcome basic anxiety or histility marked by attempts to gain others good will

moving against

strategy to overcome basic anxiety or hostility marked by attempts to gain the upper hand on others

moving away

strategy to overcome basic anxiety or hostility marked by attempts to withdraw from others

humanistic perspective

personality theory that focuses on the positive aspects of personality and the ways in which healthy people strive toward self-realization

peak experience

deeply moving events in a persons life that have important and long lasting effects on the individual

objective test

self report questionarres that tend to focus on types or traitsm

MBTI

objective test that sorts people into personality types based on four continua

keirsey temperament sorter

objective test that uses metrics similar to the MBTI but provides names and descriptions for each of the personality types

minnesota MMPI - 2

objective test used to assess both personality traits and the presence of psychological disorders

projective test

personality test based on the idea that people will interpret ambiguous stimuli in ways that reflect their unconscious thoughts and feelings.

rorschach inkblot test

projective test that asks participants to describe what they see in abstract designs

thematic apperception test TAT

projective test that presents participants with a series of images and asks them to tell a story about what is happening

individualistic culture

a culture that places emphasis on individual goals and personal achievement

collectivist culture

a culture that sees people primarily as members of a family or larger social group

alfred adler

psychoanalyst who disagreed with freud over the importance of sexual drives in personality, orginated the concept of the inferiority complex.

gordon allport

trait theorist who identified three kinds of traits, cardinal, central, and secondary. that carry different weights in making up an individuals personality

albert bandura

social cognitice theorist who proposed reciprocal determinism, the idea that thoughts, beliefs, and enviroment all interact with and achange eachother

paul costa and robert mccrae

expanded and reorganized the pen trait model into the big five or ocean model of personality traits

hans and sybil eyesneck

trait theorists who originated the pen model of personalitys