9. Gram+ (misc)

Lecture 9 - actinomyces, dermatophilus, trueperella, actinobaculum

Actinomyces

Gram-positive, club shaped rods and filamentous branching bacteria.

Genus actinomyces require CO2

non-spore forming

Actinomyces are (SPORE FORMING/NON-SPORE FORMING).

non-motile

Actinomyces are (MOTILE/NON-MOTILE).

actinomyces

_____________ infections form characteristic microcolonies at the center of macrophage-surrounded lesions.

microcolonies

actinomyces infections form characteristic ______________ at the center of macrophage-surrounded lesions.

macrophage

actinomyces infections form characteristic microcolonies at the center of _____________-surrounded lesions.

granulomatous

Due to the presence of macrophages surrounding actinomyces microcolonies, outer zones of the lesions have _________________ characteristics.

are

Actinomyces (ARE/ARE NOT) commensals

oral cavity

Actinomyces are commensals of the _______ _______, colonizing the nasopharygeal and oral mucosae.

endogenous

Most actinomyces infections are (ENDOGENOUS/EXOGENOUS).

endogenous

Introduction of commensal organism into susceptible tisue of its host.

pyogranulomatous

Actinomyces contributes to a chronic progressive ___________________ disease

polymicrobial

Chronic progressive pyogranulomatous diseases are often _____________ infections arising from disruption of the oral mucosal barrier.

mucosal

The disruption of the oral __________ barrier opens the mouth to endogenous, polymicrobial infection that travels by direct extension (or lymphogenous/hematogenous spread) to the bones. Chronic infection results in bone lysis.

bones

The disruption of the oral mucosal barrier opens the mouth to endogenous, polymicrobial infection that travels by direct extension (or lymphogenous/hematogenous spread) to the ________. Chronic infection results in bone lysis.

chronic

The disruption of the oral mucosal barrier opens the mouth to endogenous, polymicrobial infection that travels by direct extension (or lymphogenous/hematogenous spread) to the bones. __________ infection results in bone lysis.

bone lysis

The disruption of the oral mucosal barrier opens the mouth to endogenous, polymicrobial infection that travels by direct extension (or lymphogenous/hematogenous spread) to the bones. Chronic infection results in ________ ________.

lumpy jaw

Actinomyces bovis causes bovine actinomycosis in cattle, more commonly referred to as

pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis

Lumpy jaw is a type of _____________ ______________.

facial distortion

Lumpy jaw, though initially painless, eventually results in a painful accumulation of pus and bone that contributes to __________ ____________, loose teeth, and dyspnea from swelling into the nasal cavity.

loose teeth

Lumpy jaw, though initially painless, eventually results in a painful accumulation of pus and bone that contributes to facial distortion, _______ _______, and dyspnea from swelling into the nasal cavity.

dyspnea

Lumpy jaw, though initially painless, eventually results in a painful accumulation of pus and bone that contributes to facial distortion, loose teeth, and _________ from swelling into the nasal cavity.

actinomycosis

Untreated bovine ________________ results in replacement of normal bone by porous bone honeycomed with sinus tracts containing pus. The animal’s ability to eat is limited, and they can starve.

sulfur

Purulent material from actinomyces bovis infections often contains ___________ granules.

toxicity

Early cases of bovine actinomycosis are suceptible to penicillin and Iodine, but the long term treatment requires acknowledging the risk of penicillin _____________.

microcolonies

Lesions form chronic, walled-off ______________ which are not always susceptible to antimicrobial therapy.

foreign bodies

If lumpy jaw lesions are small and circumscribed, surgical intervention with excision of the lesions and inciting _______ ________ may be performed.

mechanical injury

The best prevention of lumpy jaw in cattle comes from minimizing the risk of ________ ________and removing any foreign bodies.

foreign bodies

The best prevention of lumpy jaw in cattle comes from minimizing the risk of mechanical injury and removing any __________ __________.

dermatophilus

Gram-positive, filamentous branching bacteria. Motile asexual zoospores from which filamentous hyphae germinate.

dermatophilus

In order for ______________ spp to infiltrate the skin, normal protective skin barriers have to be reduced or deficient.

is not

Dermatophilus congolensis (IS/IS NOT) a commensal.

tram-track

Dermatophilus congolensis divides into two planes to give a “___________” appearance.

dermatophilus

_______________ zoospores come in contact with damaged skin and then germinate to produce hyphae which penetrate into the living epidermis and spread in all directions from the initial focus, resulting in inflammation.

zoospores

Dermatophilus _____________ come in contact with damaged skin and then germinate to produce hyphae which penetrate into the living epidermis and spread in all directions from the initial focus, resulting in inflammation.

hyphae

Dermatophilus zoospores come in contact with damaged skin and then germinate to produce ___________ which penetrate into the living epidermis and spread in all directions from the initial focus, resulting in inflammation.

inflammation

Dermatophilus zoospores come in contact with damaged skin and then germinate to produce hyphae which penetrate into the living epidermis and spread in all directions from the initial focus, resulting in ____________.

hyphae, zoospores

Sequence of events in acute D. congolensis skin infection

1. __________ grow from ___________

2. Hyphae spread into epidermis, releasing antigens

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) clears infection

4. Subsequent infection of normal, healthy animal

   1. antibodies in exudate prevent establishment of infection or accelerate lesion resolution

   2. crusts evident by 7 days after infection

   3. agent cleared quickly

epidermis, antigens

Sequence of events in acute D. congolensis skin infection

1. Hyphae grow from zoospores

2. Hyphae spread into _________, releasing __________

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) clears infection

4. Subsequent infection of normal, healthy animal

   1. antibodies in exudate prevent establishment of infection or accelerate lesion resolution

   2. crusts evident by 7 days after infection

   3. agent cleared quickly

subsequent, healthy

Sequence of events in acute D. congolensis skin infection

1. Hyphae grow from zoospores

2. Hyphae spread into epidermis, releasing antigens

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) clears infection

4. ___________ infection of normal, _______ animal

   1. antibodies in exudate prevent establishment of infection or accelerate lesion resolution

   2. crusts evident by 7 days after infection

   3. agent cleared quickly

antibodies

Sequence of events in acute D. congolensis skin infection

1. Hyphae grow from zoospores

2. Hyphae spread into epidermis, releasing antigens

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) clears infection

4. Subsequent infection of normal, healthy animal

   1. ___________ in exudate prevent establishment of infection or accelerate lesion resolution

   2. crusts evident by 7 days after infection

   3. agent cleared quickly

prevent, lesion

Sequence of events in acute D. congolensis skin infection

1. Hyphae grow from zoospores

2. Hyphae spread into epidermis, releasing antigens

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) clears infection

4. Subsequent infection of normal, healthy animal

   1. antibodies in exudate __________ establishment of infection or accelerate __________ resolution

   2. crusts evident by 7 days after infection

   3. agent cleared quickly

epidermal

Sequence of events in non-resolving D. congolensis skin infection with repeated cycles of epidermal proliferation

1. Hyphae grow from zoospores

2. Hyphae spread into epidermis, releasing antigens

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) cannot clear infection

4. ___________ proliferation

5. Release of exudate

   1. Repeat influx of neutrophils

   2. Accumulation of T cells and plasma cells in dermis

6. Keratinization trapping organisms in epidermis

7. Repeat steps 4-6

exudate

Sequence of events in non-resolving D. congolensis skin infection with repeated cycles of epidermal proliferation

1. Hyphae grow from zoospores

2. Hyphae spread into epidermis, releasing antigens

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) cannot clear infection

4. Epidermal proliferation

5. Release of __________

   1. Repeat influx of neutrophils

   2. Accumulation of T cells and plasma cells in dermis

6. Keratinization trapping organisms in epidermis

7. Repeat steps 4-6

neutrophils

Sequence of events in non-resolving D. congolensis skin infection with repeated cycles of epidermal proliferation

1. Hyphae grow from zoospores

2. Hyphae spread into epidermis, releasing antigens

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) cannot clear infection

4. Epidermal proliferation

5. Release of exudate

   1. Repeat influx of _________

   2. Accumulation of T cells and plasma cells in dermis

6. Keratinization trapping organisms in epidermis

7. Repeat steps 4-6

T

Sequence of events in non-resolving D. congolensis skin infection with repeated cycles of epidermal proliferation

1. Hyphae grow from zoospores

2. Hyphae spread into epidermis, releasing antigens

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) cannot clear infection

4. Epidermal proliferation

5. Release of exudate

   1. Repeat influx of neutrophils

   2. Accumulation of ___ cells and plasma cells in dermis

6. Keratinization trapping organisms in epidermis

7. Repeat steps 4-6

plasma

Sequence of events in non-resolving D. congolensis skin infection with repeated cycles of epidermal proliferation

1. Hyphae grow from zoospores

2. Hyphae spread into epidermis, releasing antigens

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) cannot clear infection

4. Epidermal proliferation

5. Release of exudate

   1. Repeat influx of neutrophils

   2. Accumulation of T cells and ______ cells in dermis

6. Keratinization trapping organisms in epidermis

7. Repeat steps 4-6

dermis

Sequence of events in non-resolving D. congolensis skin infection with repeated cycles of epidermal proliferation

1. Hyphae grow from zoospores

2. Hyphae spread into epidermis, releasing antigens

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) cannot clear infection

4. Epidermal proliferation

5. Release of exudate

   1. Repeat influx of neutrophils

   2. Accumulation of T cells and plasma cells in ________

6. Keratinization trapping organisms in epidermis

7. Repeat steps 4-6

keratinization

Sequence of events in non-resolving D. congolensis skin infection with repeated cycles of epidermal proliferation

1. Hyphae grow from zoospores

2. Hyphae spread into epidermis, releasing antigens

3. Immune response (primary, neutrophil dominated) cannot clear infection

4. Epidermal proliferation

5. Release of exudate

   1. Repeat influx of neutrophils

   2. Accumulation of T cells and plasma cells in dermis

6. ______________ trapping organisms in epidermis

7. Repeat steps 4-6

traumatized, wet

Dermatophilus causes severe infections of ____________ and persistently _______ skin with formation of scabs and crusts.

scabs, crusts

Dermatophilus causes severe infections of traumatized and persistently wet skin with formation of ______ and ______.

dermatophilus

___________ causes severe infections of traumatized and persistently wet skin with formation of scabs and crusts.

2-3, spontaneously

Dermatophilus infections can be acute, lasting ____ (range) weeks. Lesions heal ___________

cornification

Dermatophilus infections can be chronic, resulting in ___________ of invaded epithelium, formation of scabs, and promotion of a moist environment enhancing proliferation and release of zoospores from hyphae.

scabs, moist

Dermatophilus infections can be chronic, resulting in cornification of invaded epithelium, formation of ______, and promotion of a _______ environment enhancing proliferation and release of zoospores from hyphae.

zoospores, hyphae

Dermatophilus infections can be chronic, resulting in cornification of invaded epithelium, formation of scabs, and promotion of a moist environment enhancing proliferation and release of _________ from ________.

TRUE

((TRUE/FALSE) Dermatophilosus is zoonotic.

obligate

Dermatophilus congolensis is an __________ pathogen.

dermatophilosus

Bacterial disease characterized by epidermal abscesses with hyperkeratosis and scab formation.

rain scald

Dermatophilosis in horses is often called

humidity

Common factors that reduce skin barrier and increase risk of dermatophilus infection include

• high ___________

• high temperatures

• ectoparasites

temperature

Common factors that reduce skin barrier and increase risk of dermatophilus infection include

• high humidity

• high __________

• ectoparasites

ectoparasites

Common factors that reduce skin barrier and increase risk of dermatophilus infection include

• high humidity

• high temperatures

• _____________

direct

D. congolensis is spread via

• ______ contact

• indirect contact

  • via arthropods

indirect

D. congolensis is spread via

• direct contact

• _________ contact

  • via arthropods

arthropods

D. congolensis is spread via

• direct contact

• indirect contact

  • via ________

hair follicles

Dermatophilosis is an exudative epidermitis with scab formation.

1. Filaments colonize _______ ________ and penetrate skin layers

2. Inflammatory cell layer is formed under infected epidermis

   1. keratinizes

      1. scab and crust formation

3. Accumulation of cutaneous keratinized material forming wart-like lesions and matting hair together

inflammatory

Dermatophilosis is an exudative epidermitis with scab formation.

1. Filaments colonize hair follicles and penetrate skin layers

2. _______________ cell layer is formed under infected epidermis

   1. keratinizes

      1. scab and crust formation

3. Accumulation of cutaneous keratinized material forming wart-like lesions and matting hair together

cutaneous

Dermatophilosis is an exudative epidermitis with scab formation.

1. Filaments colonize hair follicles and penetrate skin layers

2. Inflammatory cell layer is formed under infected epidermis

   1. keratinizes

      1. scab and crust formation

3. Accumulation of __________ keratinized material forming wart-like lesions and matting hair together

dermatophilosis

___________ can have significant morbidity/mortality, and cause loss of body condition, decreased milk production, and increased SCC in milk.

body condition

Dermatophilosis can have significant morbidity/mortality, and cause loss of ___________ decreased milk production, and increased SCC in milk.

milk

Dermatophilosis can have significant morbidity/mortality, and cause loss of body condition, decreased _____ production, and increased SCC in milk.

SCC

Dermatophilosis can have significant morbidity/mortality, and cause loss of body condition, decreased milk production, and increased _______ in milk.

dermatophilosis

What is the name of this disease?

congolensis

Diagnosis of dermatophilosis

• Identification of lesions

• Detection of D. __________ in stained smears or on scab histology

• Cytologic examination of fresh crusts stained with Giemsa stain

giemsa

Diagnosis of dermatophilosis

• Identification of lesions

• Detection of D. congolensis in stained smears or on scab histology

• Cytologic examination of fresh crusts stained with __________ stain

Treatment of dermatophilosis

• Parenterally administered antibiotics

• Topical treatments

  • less effective

  • utilizes chlorhexidine and iodine

dermatophilosis

Control of ____________

• isolate and treat clinically affected animals

• provide shelter during prolonged rain fall

• clear grazing areas of thorny scrub

• reduce tick infestation

• prophylactic use of long-acting tetracyclines in endemic regions

• control of intercurrent diseases

• modification of skin microbiota?

shelter

Control of dermatophilosis

• isolate and treat clinically affected animals

• provide _______ during prolonged rain fall

• clear grazing areas of thorny scrub

• reduce tick infestation

• prophylactic use of long-acting tetracyclines in endemic regions

• control of intercurrent diseases

• modification of skin microbiota?

tick

Control of dermatophilosis

• isolate and treat clinically affected animals

• provide shelter during prolonged rain fall

• clear grazing areas of thorny scrub

• reduce ______ infestation

• prophylactic use of long-acting tetracyclines in endemic regions

• control of intercurrent diseases

• modification of skin microbiota?

tetracyclines

Control of dermatophilosis

• isolate and treat clinically affected animals

• provide shelter during prolonged rain fall

• clear grazing areas of thorny scrub

• reduce tick infestation

• prophylactic use of long-acting __________ in endemic regions

• control of intercurrent diseases

• modification of skin microbiota?

intercurrent diseases

Control of dermatophilosis

• isolate and treat clinically affected animals

• provide shelter during prolonged rain fall

• clear grazing areas of thorny scrub

• reduce tick infestation

• prophylactic use of long-acting tetracyclines in endemic regions

• control of _________ __________

• modification of skin microbiota?

dermatophilus congolensis

____________ _____________ causes lumpy wool and strawberry footrot in sheep.

lumpy wool

Dermatophilus congolensis causes ________ ________ and strawberry footrot in sheep.

strawberry footrot

Dermatophilus congolensis causes lumpy wool and _________ _________ in sheep.

dermatophilosus congolensis

__________ __________ causes cutaneous streptothricosis (rain scald) and rain rot (mud fever) in horses.

cutaneous streptothricosis

Dermatophilus congolensis causes __________ _________ (rain scald) and rain rot (mud fever) in horses.

rain rot

Dermatophilus congolensis causes cutaneous streptothricosis (rain scald) and ______ _____ (mud fever) in horses.

mud fever

Dermatophilus congolensis causes cutaneous streptothricosis (rain scald) and rain rot (_____ ______) in horses.

Trueperella

Gram-positive pleomorphic bacteria. Facultative anaerobic and capnophilic. Found on mucosal membranes of GI tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract of cattle and swine.

true

(TRUE/FALSE) Trueperella are stable in the environment.

opportunistic

Trueperella are _________ pathogens.

suppurative

Trueperella cause ____________ infections.

trueperella pyogenes

_________ ________ is an important opportunistic pathogen of cattle, causing multiple purulent infections with a tendency to cause bacteremia.

bacteremia

Trueperella pyogenes is an important opportunistic pathogen of cattle, causing multiple purulent infections with a tendency to cause ____________.

fusobacterium necrophorum

Trueperella pyogenes has pathogenic synergy with

trueperella pyogenes

Fusobacterium necrophorum has pathogenic synergy with

summer mastitis

_________ ________ is a condition of non-lactating cows and heifers spread by the head fly.

non-lactating, heifers

Summer mastitis is a condition of _________ cows and _________ spread by the head fly.