Marine Bio Final

mechanisms of evolution

natural selection, genetic drift, genetic mutations, gene flow

speciation mechanisms

mutation needs barriers

prezygotic barriers

habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, gametic isolation, temporal isolation, mechanical isolation

gametic isolatoin

sperm and egg meet but can’t fertilize

temporal isolation

time/szn, mate at different times of the year

postzygotic barrier

hybrid is infertile/doesn’t reach sexual maturity, or has no functional gametes

phylum porifera (sea sponges)

individual cells function separately, no tissues, organs, digestive tract, circulatory system, or respiratory system. immobile, spongin or spicules for support

lined with collar cells - choanocyte

phylum porifera

bridges the gap between true animal and colonial protozoan

sponge

phylum cnidaria

jellyfish, sea anemones, coral. do have coordinated cell functions. have tissues, digestive tract, distinct radial symmetry

phylum cnidaria

name due to cnidocytes - cells that carry stinging nematocysts

phylum cnidaria

mouth centrally located leads to gastrovascular cavity

flatworm

acoelomates

nematode

pseudocoelomates

arthropod

coelom

octopus, squid, mussel, clam, scallop. thin-shelled. coelom, advanced tissues/systems/brain, adv body organization

mollusca

cephalization

distinct head region

foot

flat surface contains mouth (mollusca)

mantle

secretes shell, covers body (mollusca)

shell

calcium carbonate (mollusca)

visceral mass

internal organs (mollusca)

chitons (mollusca)

polyplacophora

snails and slugs (mollusca)

gastropoda

clams, mussels, oysters (mollusca)

bivalvia

octopus and squid (mollusca)

cephalopoda

arthropoda

largest phylum. includes insects, horseshoe crabs, crustaceans. segmented, hard exoskeleton

diversity and success for arthropods comes from

segmentation, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages, made of chitin

myriapoda - no compound eye

centipedes, millipedes

tagmata =

head and trunk (myriapoda)

hexapoda

insects, 6 legs

cheliceratas (no antennae)

spiders, ticks, horseshoe crabs

crustacea (2nd pair of antennae)

lobsters, crabs, barnacles

echinodermata - exclusively marine phylum

sea stars, sea cucumbers, urchins. calcerous internal skeleton + water vascular system for circulation. pentamerous radial symmetry

pentamerous radial symmetry

5-sided

echinodermata that ejects guts through anus

sea cucumber - evisceration

annelida

worms, leeches. most common on land. segmentation, advanced tissues/systems (excretion, circulation, brain), adv body organization, complete digestive tract + a hydrostatic skeleton

platyhelminthes

flatowrms. cells organized into multicellular organism, true animal. parasitic minus turbellaria. regenerative and dick fights

in a marine environment can be planktonic, parasitic, or benthic

platyhelminthes

nematod

roundworms. mostly freeliving. in marine environment infaunal

infauna

live in sediment

1st animal to have a complete digestive system

nematoda (roundworms)

mimicry

looking like another bitch

countershading

darker on the top, light on the bottom

disruptive patterns

confuses predators

epipelagic

surface

epipelagic adaptations

countershading, concealment (dermesal or vegetal), disruptive, advertisment, mimicry, transparent

intertidal

ocean meet lands between high and low tides

benthic

lowest, seafloor

photic/aphotic?

light/no light

hagfish

scavengers (benthic)

lamprey

predatory/parasitic (vagina dentata)

lay eggs/spawn. no support. rays benthic sharks

oviparous

store eggs in body, no nutritional support. will support young. mako shark

ovoviparous

live bearers, most support to young. hammerhead shark

viviparous

coelacanth, precursor to amphibians

lobe-finned fish

bony skeletons. thin and flexible scales. swim baldder

ray-finned fish

barracuda long and thin

bursting

butterfly fish tall and many fins

fancy movements

tuna torpedo and thick muscles

long distances

little water lost, sea turtles dont pee, a paste that leaves the body through feces

uric acid

sharks do it, toxic

urea

v toxic, most fish do it, low energy

ammonia

flight needs

lightweight hollow bones

1 down

small, close to skin for warmth

2 counter

large, cover bodies

3 powder

repel water, protect the down

seals, sea lions, and walruses. oxygen in blood and muscles

pinnipeds

manatees, dugongs, sea cows

sirenians

whales and dolphins

breathe through blowholes. move blood in their bodies, can slow heartbeat

cetaceans.

echolocation

emit soundwaves through top of head and receive them through jaw and inner ear.

lets them detect movement and actual shapes/sizes of organisms many meters away

echolocation

frozen ocean surrounded by continents. sea level

arctic

fast ice

year round

pack ice

seasonal

frozen continent surrounded by ocean. avg elevation of 2.3 km

antartic

humpback whales, belugas, baleen whales

migrating animals of the Polar regions

narwhals, arctic seals, polar bears, walruses

permanent animals of the Polar regions

west coast of N. America. cold, temperate waters and needs canopy breaks for light

kelp forests

keystone species

an organism that helps define an entire ecosystem

kelp forests rival tropical rain forest by?

high structural diversity, shelter and habitat for animals

kelp forests differ from terrestrial forests by

having shorter life spans and heights, faster growing, few last more than 25 years, more diverse in animal phyla - in terms of species

turnover

salinity, temp changes, storms, seasons

east side of continents. tropics and subtropics. zooxanthelle live within reef-building coral tissues

coral reefs

needs warm water, photic zone for sunlight

coral reefs

threats to coral reefs

overfishing, climate change, ocean acidification, pollution

coral bleaching

loss of symbiotic algae triggered by temperature, solar radiation, combo of UV and temp, reduced salinity, and infection

primary productivity in the open ocean?

plankton

move into the dark epipelagic to feed at night

vertical migration

seasonal horizontal migration v.

daily vertical migration

seasonal horizontal migration

pelagic organisms

adaptations for buoyancy

lungs full of air, swim bladder

abyssal plains primary productivity?

sea cucumbers feeds on sediment

hydrothermal vents primary productivity?

chemosynthetic microorganic bacteria. rifitia wors

cold seeps primary productivity?

mussels and tube worms

chemoautotrophs

dissolved O2 to oxidize H2S back to So4-2

estuaries weaken hurricanes by

depriving warm ocean water

brackish water

between fresh and salt water with no set salinity

what is an invasive species

movement of organisms to new habitats where they may harm or disturb the local ecosystem

when do species become invasive?

when they have no natural predators to stop/curb the use of resources