biology 112 final review

misconceptions on evolution

species are evolving higher

organisms can influence its evolution

evolution is COMPLETELY random

define evolution

change over time

convergence is defined as

Unrelated species have similar adaptations (analogous structures) under similar environmental conditions

Carl Linnaeus

scientist created binomial system of nomenclature, in which each species is identified by a generic name (genus) and a specific name (species) such as Homo sapiens for human

what is gradualism theory in evolution

changes occur gradually in nature

darwins evolution theory proposed that

species can change over time, that new species come from pre-existing species, and that all species share a common ancestor.

example of evidence to support darwins theory

The embryos of almost all vertebrates are very similar at early stages of their development (i.e. developmental homology), suggesting that they come from pre-existing species

Charles Lyell proposed

uniformitarianism

whats uniformitarianism theory?

same geologic processes have uniformity since they occur at same rate through time

define natural selection

organisms better adapted to environment survive to pass on traits

what biologically defines a species

potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

temporal isolation

different mating seasons

mechanical isolation

bits dont fit

when 2 different species mat and produce hybrid zygote that has a reduces fertility, it’s an example of

post-zygotic barriers

2 animal species have geographic isolation from a parent species which represents--

allopatric speciation

How can reproductive barriers form sympatric populations while their members remain in the same geographic area?

polyploidy

what gives rise to genetic diversity among offspring during meiosis

crossover and independent chromosomal assortment

whenever a population is in hardy-weinberg equilibrium at a locus…

genetic variation will remain constant from one gen to the next in absence of disturbing factors and there is NO evolution

genetic drift is more effective in the __ population, since it has _ size

founder, small

bottleneck effect is one mechanism that is involved in

genetic drift

migration would be an example of

gene flow

directional selection

feature moves to one extreme

disruptive selection

features move to 2 extreme

stabilizing selection

feature move to a middle hybrid

sexual selection

natural selection that occurs due to attraction

sister species

branch from same point

taxonomy

classifying and grouping organisms

cladistic

method of determining phylogeny

most common molecular methods to determine evolutionary relationships

DNA test and molecular clock

orthologues genes

specific class of genes inherited from common ancestor

describe a clade

monophyletic group of organisms with many common features

domain systems

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

adaptive radiation

organisms diversify rapidly when environment makes new resources available

what are orthologous genes

class of genes that are inherited from common ancestor and used to determine evolutionary relationships

characteristic of retrovirus

single stranded RNA acts as template for DNA synthesis

mutations happen at high rate in RNA virus becuase

RNA polymerase lacks proof-reading

what’s vertical transmission

transmission of virus from parent plant to its progeny

whats horizontal transmission

a plant spreading the virus to another plant

common features between bacteriophage T4 and adenovirus

all their replication occurs in cytoplasm

DNA viruses are often…

double-stranded, replication takes place in nucleus

what makes rna viruses spread widely and difficult to control

high rate of mutation

what are prions

misfolded versions of proteins that can cause mad cow disease

a virus consisting of single strand of RNA, which is reverse transcribed into complmentary DNA, is referred to as a

retrovirus

cell walls in bacteria are made of

peptidoglycan

eukaryotes are more similar to

archaea

evolution of eukaryotic cels most likely involved

endosymbiosis of oxygen using bacterium evolved into mitochondria

compared to eukaryotes, prokaryotes are…

simple and smaller

what traits do archaeans and bacteria share?

lack nuclear envelope and presence of circular chromosome

which domains of life are prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea

define transduction

process of genetic recombination in bacteria where genes from host cell are incorporated into genome of bacterial virus that carries it to another host cell when it infects it

what mechanism of genetic diversity in prokaryoes must involve bacteriophage?

transduction

mictrotubules are made of _ protein, and are important for cell ______

tubulin, movement

both flagella and cilia contain

microtubules

cell movement in amoeba and muscle contraction in humans are produced by activity of

microfilament and myosin protein

describe protists

any eukaryote that is unicellular and microscopic

dinoglagellates

2 flagella attached to its body

the ___ have a characteristic apical complex called apex that facilitate entry of host cells

apicomplexans

when a mosquito infected with plasmodium first bites a human, the plasmodium…

infects human liver cells

protist that has apical complex

plasmodium

fungal mycelia have adaptive advantage to mycelia in bodies because

they have extensive surface area

when mycelium infiltrates dead organic matter, what do they produce that will appear within food source?

fungal enzymes

plasmogamy can directly result in what

heterokaryotic cells that are still haploid

some fungi are carnivorous and therefor trap nematodes to get __ from worm proteins

nitrogen

mitospores are formed during the ___ of fungi

asexual reproduction

yeast is unique among other fungi because its-

unicellular and reproduce by budding

in most fungi, karyogamy doesn’t immediately follow plasmogamy, which results in

heterokaryotic cells

in fungi the hyphae’s cell membrane contrains

ergosterol

reproductive bodies in fungi are made of

hyphae that form spores but are not for feeding

conidiophores are associated with…

asexual reproduction in fungi

most direct ancestor of land plants

green algae

_____ indicate movement of plants from water to land

waxy cuticles to decrease evaporation

charophytes share __ with plantae

similar flagellated sperm

function of apical meristems in plants

cells at root tip

stomata openings function

transfer of gases in and out of plant cell

bryophyte plants…

lack vascular and supportive tissue

during the life cycle of fern, sperm enters the __ to fertilize egg

archegonium

tubular structures in vascular plants

phloem and xylem

phylum gentophyta giveaways

microphylls and strobili, naked ovules, emits dust

if a plant in desert is tall, vascular, and produces flagellated sperm, its probably either a--

ginkgophyte or cycadophyte

megaspores in seed plants grow into

female gametophytes

flagellated sperm are more successful than non-flagellated sperm because

they can attach and have better transportation

define pollination

transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma

in plants the seed consists of

embryo, food supply, seed coat

what plant forms flowers/seeds and has reproductive system inside the flower

angiosperm

characteristic of all angiosperms

double internal fertilization

animals are thought to have evolved from

flagellated protists just like choanoflagellates

if gastrulation is blocked, then

germ layers would not form

which stage of embryonic development has 3 germ layers

gastrula

mesoderm forms

everything else

ectoderm forms

nervous system and skin

endoderm forms

lung and digestive system

smaller mammals have a ___ basal metabolic rate

higher

filter feeding is a feature in

porifera

cnidaria tissue layers are

diploblastic (2 layers)

flatworm tissue layers are

triploblastic

flatworms have what nervous system

simple

invertebrate that cause schistosomiasis

Schistosoma (trematodes)

characteristics of mollusca

advanced organ system, open circulatory system, muscular foot

suspension feeding exists in

ectoprocta

hosts for schistosoma

gastropods