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Disinfection
Destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects
Sterilization
Complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms on inanimate objects
Antisepsis
Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens
Prions
Most resistant microbes
Endospores of bacteria
Second most resistant microbes
Mycobacteria
Third most resistant microbes
Cyst of protozoa
Fourth most resistant microbes
Vegetative protozoa
Fifth most resistant microbes
Gram-negative bacteria
Sixth most resistant microbes
Fungi, including most fungal spore forms
Seventh most resistant microbes
Viruses without envelopes
Eighth most resistant microbes
Gram-positive bacteria
Ninth most resistant microbes
Viruses with lipid envelopes
Least resistant microbes
Used on fomites - Disinfection
Common agents: chlorine, bleach, phenols, glutaraldehyde. Common applications: cleaning surfaces
Used on fomites - Sanitization
Common agents: detergents containing phosphates, industrial strength cleaners. Common applications: commercial dishwashing, cleaning public restrooms
Used on fomites - Sterilization
Common agents: pressurized steam, chemicals, radiation. Common applications: prep of surgical equipment
Used on living tissue - Antisepsis
Common agents: boric acid, isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, iodine. Common applications: cleaning skin due to injury, cleaning skin before surgery
Used on living tissue - Degerming
Common agents: soap, alcohol swab. Common applications: handwashing
Thermal death time
Shortest time required to kill ALL test microbes at a specified temperature
Thermal death point
Lowest temperature required to kill ALL microbes in a sample in 10 minutes
Ionizing radiation
Deep penetrating power breaks DNA, used for heat sensitive items
Nonionizing radiation
Little penetrating power, sterilizes surface
Filtration
Physical removal of microbes by passing gas or liquid through a filter, for heat-sensitive liquids
High-level germicides
Kill endospores
Intermediate level germicides
Kill fungal spores
Characteristics of the ideal drug
Selectively toxic, microbicidal, remains potent, not subject to resistance, assists host's defenses, remains active when diluted, delivered to site of infection, reasonably priced, does not disrupt host's health
Antimicrobial drugs may target
Cell wall, 70s ribosomes, plasma membrane
Antimicrobial groups
Antibacterial drugs, antifungal drugs, antiprotozoal drugs, antiviral drugs
Common antimicrobial drugs and what they target - Cell wall
B-lactams, penicillins
Common antimicrobial drugs and what they target - Ribosomes
Tetracyclines
Common antimicrobial drugs and what they target - Metabolic pathways
Sulfonamides
Common antimicrobial drugs and what they target - Cell membrane
Polymyxins
Narrow spectrum
Affects only a select group of microbes
Broad spectrum
Affects a more diverse range of microbes
Antimicrobial drugs that target bacterial cell wall
B-lactams, carbapenems, monobactams
Non B-lactam Cell Wall Inhibitors
Vancomycin, Bacitracin, Isoniazid (INH)
Antimicrobial Drugs that Disrupt Cell Membrane Function
Polymyxins, Amphotericin B, Nystatin
Pathology
The study of disease
Etiology
The study of the cause of a disease
Pathogen
Microorganisms that can cause disease
Pathogenesis
Studies how disease develops
Infection
The successful colonization of a host by a microorganism
Disease
An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
Sign
A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
Symptom
A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease
Syndrome
A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Cytopenia
Reduction in the number of blood cells
Neuropathy
A disease affecting nerves
Bacteremia
Presence of bacteria in blood
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon
Hemolysis
Destruction of red blood cells
Lymphoma
Cancer of the lymphatic system
Leukocytosis
Abnormally high number of white blood cells
Keratoderma
Thickening of the skin
Infectious disease
Diseases caused by pathogens
Noninfectious diseases
Diseases not caused by pathogens
Noncommunicable diseases
Not spread from one person to another
Iatrogenic diseases
Contracted due to a medical procedure
Zoonotic diseases
Diseases transmitted from animals to humans
Stages of clinical infections - Incubation period
No signs or symptoms
Stages of clinical infections - Prodromal stage
Vague, general/nonspecific symptoms
Stages of clinical infections - Period of illness
More severe/specific signs and symptoms
Stages of clinical infections - Period of decline
Pathogen particles begin to decrease; signs & symptoms decline
Stages of clinical infections - Convalescent period
Patient generally returns to normal functions
Duration - Acute disease
Disease develops rapidly
Duration - Chronic disease
Disease develops slowly
Duration - Latent disease
Causal pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication
Exoenzymes
Dissolve extracellular barriers and penetrate through or between cells
LD50
Number of pathogenic cells, virions, or amount of toxin required to kill 50% of infected animals
Portals of entry - Exogenous
Agents originate outside the body
Portals of entry - Endogenous
Agents originate within the body
TORCH
Toxoplasmosis, Other diseases (syphilis, chickenpox, hepatitis B, HIV, and chlamydia), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes
Adhesion
Capability of pathogenic microbes to attach to the cells of the body using adhesion factors
Localized infection
Remains confined to a specific tissue
Systemic infection
Spreads to several sites and tissue fluids
Focal infection
Localized pathogen or toxins spread to a secondary location
Mixed infection
Several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site
Primary infection
Infection develops in an otherwise healthy individual
Secondary infection
Infection develops in an individual who is already infected with a different pathogen
Portals of exit - Coughing/sneezing
Pathogens are expelled through respiratory droplets
Portals of exit - Skin cells (open lesions)
Pathogens are shed through open wounds or sores
Portals of exit - Insect bite
Pathogens are transmitted through insect bites
Portals of exit - Removal of blood
Pathogens are transmitted through blood
Portals of exit - Feces
Pathogens are shed through feces
Portals of exit - Urine
Pathogens are shed through urine
Epidemiology
Study of the distribution, frequency, and determinants of health problems and diseases in human populations
Etiology
Study of the cause of a disease
Predisposing Factors
Factors that make an individual more susceptible to a given disease
Morbidity
State of being ill/unhealthy
Mortality
Deaths per population
Incidence
Number of new cases (morbidity or mortality)
Prevalence
Total number affected in the population
Endemic Disease
Constantly present in a population
Sporadic Disease
Occurs only occasionally
Epidemic Disease
Many people acquire the disease in a short time period
Pandemic Disease
Worldwide epidemics
Reservoir
Natural habitat of a pathogen
Definitive host
Host in which parasite reaches sexual maturity
Intermediate hosts
Host in which the parasite undergoes essential development & asexual reproduction