Microbiology Lecture Exam 3

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113 Terms

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Disinfection

Destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects

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Sterilization

Complete removal or destruction of all viable microorganisms on inanimate objects

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Antisepsis

Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens

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Prions

Most resistant microbes

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Endospores of bacteria

Second most resistant microbes

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Mycobacteria

Third most resistant microbes

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Cyst of protozoa

Fourth most resistant microbes

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Vegetative protozoa

Fifth most resistant microbes

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Gram-negative bacteria

Sixth most resistant microbes

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Fungi, including most fungal spore forms

Seventh most resistant microbes

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Viruses without envelopes

Eighth most resistant microbes

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Gram-positive bacteria

Ninth most resistant microbes

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Viruses with lipid envelopes

Least resistant microbes

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Used on fomites - Disinfection

Common agents: chlorine, bleach, phenols, glutaraldehyde. Common applications: cleaning surfaces

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Used on fomites - Sanitization

Common agents: detergents containing phosphates, industrial strength cleaners. Common applications: commercial dishwashing, cleaning public restrooms

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Used on fomites - Sterilization

Common agents: pressurized steam, chemicals, radiation. Common applications: prep of surgical equipment

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Used on living tissue - Antisepsis

Common agents: boric acid, isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, iodine. Common applications: cleaning skin due to injury, cleaning skin before surgery

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Used on living tissue - Degerming

Common agents: soap, alcohol swab. Common applications: handwashing

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Thermal death time

Shortest time required to kill ALL test microbes at a specified temperature

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Thermal death point

Lowest temperature required to kill ALL microbes in a sample in 10 minutes

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Ionizing radiation

Deep penetrating power breaks DNA, used for heat sensitive items

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Nonionizing radiation

Little penetrating power, sterilizes surface

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Filtration

Physical removal of microbes by passing gas or liquid through a filter, for heat-sensitive liquids

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High-level germicides

Kill endospores

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Intermediate level germicides

Kill fungal spores

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Characteristics of the ideal drug

Selectively toxic, microbicidal, remains potent, not subject to resistance, assists host's defenses, remains active when diluted, delivered to site of infection, reasonably priced, does not disrupt host's health

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Antimicrobial drugs may target

Cell wall, 70s ribosomes, plasma membrane

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Antimicrobial groups

Antibacterial drugs, antifungal drugs, antiprotozoal drugs, antiviral drugs

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Common antimicrobial drugs and what they target - Cell wall

B-lactams, penicillins

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Common antimicrobial drugs and what they target - Ribosomes

Tetracyclines

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Common antimicrobial drugs and what they target - Metabolic pathways

Sulfonamides

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Common antimicrobial drugs and what they target - Cell membrane

Polymyxins

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Narrow spectrum

Affects only a select group of microbes

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Broad spectrum

Affects a more diverse range of microbes

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Antimicrobial drugs that target bacterial cell wall

B-lactams, carbapenems, monobactams

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Non B-lactam Cell Wall Inhibitors

Vancomycin, Bacitracin, Isoniazid (INH)

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Antimicrobial Drugs that Disrupt Cell Membrane Function

Polymyxins, Amphotericin B, Nystatin

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Pathology

The study of disease

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Etiology

The study of the cause of a disease

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Pathogen

Microorganisms that can cause disease

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Pathogenesis

Studies how disease develops

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Infection

The successful colonization of a host by a microorganism

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Disease

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

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Sign

A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

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Symptom

A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease

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Syndrome

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver

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Cytopenia

Reduction in the number of blood cells

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Neuropathy

A disease affecting nerves

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Bacteremia

Presence of bacteria in blood

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Colitis

Inflammation of the colon

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Hemolysis

Destruction of red blood cells

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Lymphoma

Cancer of the lymphatic system

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Leukocytosis

Abnormally high number of white blood cells

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Keratoderma

Thickening of the skin

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Infectious disease

Diseases caused by pathogens

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Noninfectious diseases

Diseases not caused by pathogens

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Noncommunicable diseases

Not spread from one person to another

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Iatrogenic diseases

Contracted due to a medical procedure

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Zoonotic diseases

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans

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Stages of clinical infections - Incubation period

No signs or symptoms

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Stages of clinical infections - Prodromal stage

Vague, general/nonspecific symptoms

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Stages of clinical infections - Period of illness

More severe/specific signs and symptoms

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Stages of clinical infections - Period of decline

Pathogen particles begin to decrease; signs & symptoms decline

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Stages of clinical infections - Convalescent period

Patient generally returns to normal functions

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Duration - Acute disease

Disease develops rapidly

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Duration - Chronic disease

Disease develops slowly

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Duration - Latent disease

Causal pathogen goes dormant for extended periods of time with no active replication

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Exoenzymes

Dissolve extracellular barriers and penetrate through or between cells

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LD50

Number of pathogenic cells, virions, or amount of toxin required to kill 50% of infected animals

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Portals of entry - Exogenous

Agents originate outside the body

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Portals of entry - Endogenous

Agents originate within the body

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TORCH

Toxoplasmosis, Other diseases (syphilis, chickenpox, hepatitis B, HIV, and chlamydia), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes

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Adhesion

Capability of pathogenic microbes to attach to the cells of the body using adhesion factors

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Localized infection

Remains confined to a specific tissue

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Systemic infection

Spreads to several sites and tissue fluids

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Focal infection

Localized pathogen or toxins spread to a secondary location

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Mixed infection

Several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site

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Primary infection

Infection develops in an otherwise healthy individual

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Secondary infection

Infection develops in an individual who is already infected with a different pathogen

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Portals of exit - Coughing/sneezing

Pathogens are expelled through respiratory droplets

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Portals of exit - Skin cells (open lesions)

Pathogens are shed through open wounds or sores

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Portals of exit - Insect bite

Pathogens are transmitted through insect bites

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Portals of exit - Removal of blood

Pathogens are transmitted through blood

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Portals of exit - Feces

Pathogens are shed through feces

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Portals of exit - Urine

Pathogens are shed through urine

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Epidemiology

Study of the distribution, frequency, and determinants of health problems and diseases in human populations

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Etiology

Study of the cause of a disease

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Predisposing Factors

Factors that make an individual more susceptible to a given disease

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Morbidity

State of being ill/unhealthy

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Mortality

Deaths per population

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Incidence

Number of new cases (morbidity or mortality)

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Prevalence

Total number affected in the population

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Endemic Disease

Constantly present in a population

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Sporadic Disease

Occurs only occasionally

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Epidemic Disease

Many people acquire the disease in a short time period

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Pandemic Disease

Worldwide epidemics

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Reservoir

Natural habitat of a pathogen

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Definitive host

Host in which parasite reaches sexual maturity

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Intermediate hosts

Host in which the parasite undergoes essential development & asexual reproduction