UNIT 1 - CLASS SET

representative heuristic

Assuming that a person wearing a suit, tie, and carrying a briefcase is a lawyer is an example of availability heuristic or representative heuristic?

Which one of the following is an example of effortful processing?
a. Learning to read
b. Riding a bike
c. Driving
d. Associating the doctor's office with shots

a. Learning to read

Which of the following would be the most effective way to improve memory/study?
a. Rereading your notes
b. Studying with a friend
c. Taking practice tests
d. Reading the text once

c. Taking Practice tests

The difference between explicit and implicit memories is ________

Explicit memories are encoded through effortful processing while implicit memories are encoded through automatic processing.

How can mnemonics assist in the deep processing of information?

Associating information with vivid imagery helps with encoding and creating a deeper understanding of new information.

What makes the testing effect such an effective processing strategy?

Repeated self-testing makes it easier to retrieve and remember information for an extended period of time.

Does deep or shallow processing result in better retention?

Deep Processing

What is the difference between deep and shallow processing?

Shallow processing is more basic and only focuses on sounds and letters of a word while deep processing focuses on the meaning of the words

When one has a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli it is referred to as __________

Iconic Memory

Based on iconic memory, how soon after exposure would information be best recalled?

Immediately after

Unintentionally keeping track of your belongings as you go throughout your day is an example of ____________.

Implicit memory

What are the three things we are able to automatically process?

Space, time, and frequency

Can effortful processing become automatic?

Yes

As an experiment Hermann Ebbinghaus selected random syllables and repeated them until he could repeat them without aid. The next day he repeated the random syllables he remembered. This is an example of ________ memory.

short-term

Alzheimer's disease affects _______ memory as it progressively strips away at memories already stored.

long-term

What are the 3 types of memory

short term, long term, sensory

When hearing a sound by an instrument what type of memory will allowyou to repeat that same tune within the first few minutes.

Short term

You remember what your friend just said for only a few seconds after. You are using your...

echoic memory

You are able to ride a bike because you have done it many times before. This is an example of your...

procedural memory

Angela is organizing all her classwork into separate folders based on class subject. What processing strategy is she using?

chunking

Liahna READ her assigned psych module but she didn't comprehend what she was reading. What level of processing did she employ?

shallow processing

What is the difference between Massed Study and the Spacing Effect? Which is one better than the other?

Massed Study= Cramming (a lot of information all at once), less effective
Spacing Effect= Distributed studying, more likely to be kept in long term memory

Why are re-reading and highlighting not good strategies? What should you do instead?

Re-reading and highlighting do not engage your brain, testing yourself (Testing Effect) is a better strategy because you actually practice recall, and exert more effort doing so

Why is it easier to remember personal information than information of others?

Self-Reference Effect; Information that is personal to you is easier to recall because information that pertains to you is more likely to be remembered.

Why study over time than all at once?

Spacing Effect; Information is best recalled and applied when learned cumulatively rather than en masse.

What are the 3 ways we encode information

Visual, Acoustic, and semantic

differences between short-term memory and long-term memory?

STM:
-encoded by rehearsal
-limited
-retention lasts for seconds
-forgetting is almost immediate
-encoding is based on sound (acoustic)

LTM
-Stm moves here
-limitless
-retention for days/years
-forgetting is gradual
-encoding is based on meaning (semantic)

When looking at your friends blue shirt and somehow remembering what color shirt they were wearing 10 seconds later what type of memory is this?

Short-term memory. You have encoded this information into your short term memory and you are able to recall this information 10 seconds later. However this information does not stay for long

Back in 4th grade you continuously studied and recited the multiplication table from 1-10. In junior year of highschool you are still able to recite the multiplication table from 1-10. What type of memory was the multiplication table stored to?

Long-term Memory. Because you studied and recited the multiplication table continuously it was stored into long-term memory and you are able to recall them even years later.

Parallel Processing

the processing of many aspects simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Some information can also be processed unconsciously.

Sensory memory can be part of which type of processing?
a) automatic processing
b) effortful processing
c) parallel processing
d) shallow processing

b) effortful processing

Reading words superficially, but not understanding the meaning, is an example of what?
a. deep processing
b. automatic processing
c. shallow processing
d. explicit processing

c. shallow processing

What is an example of a Deep Processing strategy?
a. remembering the color of a word
b. knowing how ro play the piano
c. recalling your phone number
d. pre reading assignments to understand the material later

d. pre reading assignments to understand the material later

What does the brain do regarding the information that forms our complex memories?

encoding, storing, and retrieving the information .

what exactly happens when we are excited or stressed?

hormones create more glucose energy available which fuels brain activity.

flashbulb memories

What kind of memories are created after dramatic and significant events in one's life?

Serial position effect

the tendency to recall items in the beginning and end of a list well but not the middle

Reasons for forgetting are....

The info was never encoded, stored memories decayed, or the memories are unretrievable

Retrieval cue failure leads to...

forgetting

What studying strategy would be best for you if you are good at creating unusual associations to remember something/something's order later?

Mnemonic Devices

Which studying strategy was probably not used if a student is having a hard time remembering large groups of information at once?

Chunking

What type of interference is occurring when knowledge of a prior topic makes it more difficult to learn a new one?

Productive Interference

During which stages of memory can forgetting occur?

any stage - can be filtered , altered, or lost

Trouble remembering original words to an old song when someone sings new lyrics is an example of what type of interference?

retroactive interference

Hermann Ebbinghaus's experiment on learning nonsense materials and measuring how much retained after learning from 20 mins to 30 days later is an example of:

storage decay

what is the difference between retroactive and proactive interference?

proactive- learning disrupts recall of newinfo
retroactive- learning disrupts recall of old info

what is storage decay?

gradual fading of physical memory trace. after time, memories are discarded

What is the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?

anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories while retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve info from the past

Can people with anterograde amnesia learn nonverbal skills?

They can learn nonverbal skills, but they cannot remember having learned the skill

What part of the brain is responsible for classical conditioning?

The cerebellum

What is the right hippocampus responsible for?

Locations and Visual Memories

What studying strategy best helps you study better for a test that involves multiple units?

Chunking

What studying strategy best helps you not over work yourself when studying?

Spacing- effect

Jenny has a problem with retrieving a story her mother told him about from when he was two, what is the most likely reason for this?

Infantine Amnesia

Barb is unable to form new memories after a traumatic brain injury after she had a stroke, what part of the brain is most likely damaged because of this incident?

Hippocampus

After a blow to the head during her game, Jane was unable to associate tones or develop certain conditioned reflexes. Which part of her brain was damaged?

The Cerebellum

After removing this structure from the bird's brain, it was unable to remember where it had just stored its food. Which structure was removed that disrupts recall of explicit memories?

The Hippocampus

the underdevelopment of what part of the brain causes infantile amnesia?

underdevelopment of the hippocampus

the ______ stores flashbulb memory

amygdala

If damaged, which part of the hippocampus will make it difficult to remember verbal information?

Left

Which part of the brain is provoked by stress?

Amygdala

An example of this would be taking 15 minutes to study so you retain the information better.

Spacing effect

What is a great studying technique to help yourself access information later on?

Retrieval cues

Mr. Applegate wants to make his lesson more exciting and entertaining so that his students can pass the Ap exam. WHy would this improve the retention and scores of his students?

state dependent memory

A math student thinks they do not need to study for their upcoming test because they already know the content. Why should they continue reviewing their notes?

overlearning helps to improve their retention of info

If student A was grouping 41397245 into 413-972-45, what is this an example of?

Chunking

If Student B uses ROYGBIV to remember the rainbow, what is this an example of?

a mnemonic

Name three memory improving techniques.

rehearsal, making material meaningful, using retrieval cues, mnenomic devices, minimizing interference, sleeping more, testing yourself

the failure of which information process causes forgetting?

an encoding or retirieval failure

How does serotonin affect neuron transmissions?

sensitizes synaptic activity -> less energy is needed to release neurotransmitters -> more neuron transmissions/interactions

What happens in the brain when you are stressed?

Memory-forming activity is boosted due to more glucose energy being fueled to brain

You are reading a textbook and taking notes. You notice that you need extra notebook paper for notes. You get up and move to a different room where you fail to recall your reason for getting up. You return to your textbook, and you are able to recall that you wanted to grab some extra notebook paper. This is an example of what type of retrieval cue?

A. Priming
B. Context-Dependent Memory
C. State-Dependent Memory
D. Serial Positioning Effect

B. Context-Dependent Memory

You are trying to remember items on a list. At a later time, you try to recall the items on the list and realize there is a gap in the items you have remembered. You notice that you can best recall only the last and first few items on the list. This is an example of what type of retrieval cue?

A. Priming
B. Context-Dependent Memory
C. State-Dependent Memory
D. Serial Positioning Effect

D. Serial Positioning Effect

If Jasmine were to recall a time that she went out with her friends to the mall and she bought a new shirt. What kind of memory would this be an example of?

Explicit Memory

If you're spacing out in class while your teacher is speaking, and they ask you what they just said in the past 3-4 seconds, and you're able to recall it, what kind of memory is that?

Echoic Memory

How does the cerebellum form and store memories?

Through classical conditioning

What type of memories does the basal ganglia store?

Procedural Memories

Which form of memory retrieval is easier to achieve? -
Recall or Recognition

Recognition because it requires identification rather than the actual retrieval of information

What two parts of the brain are most involved in implicit memory?

Cerebellum and Basal ganglia

auditory stimuli provokes which memory?
a. sensory memory
b. echoic memory
c. iconic memory
d. explicit memory

b. echoic memory

what process does a memory have to go through to become a long-term memory?

sensory memory -> short-term memory -> long-term memory

What parts of the brain store/process explicit and implicit memories?

The hippocampus and frontal lobes help store and process explicit memories, whereas the cerebellum plays a key role in processing implicit memories.

Mark heard a story about him breaking his arm when he was 5 and remembers it after hearing about it, he goes home and tells his mom about the memory, and she tells him it never happened, what is this an example of?

source amnesia

Which of the following is an example of the misinformation effect?
a) Helen gets told a story and convinces herself it happened
b)Brenda gave mail to her sister that was actually for her brother
c) after hearing a rumor that sara broke her arm, Mark thought he knew what had happened but then came to school and saw that she had only scraped it

c)

If you were to remember previous times of stress while cramming for a test, What type of memory would be responsible

Mood Congruent Memory

Why might you remember the names of people you meet earlier into the day than those you meet in the middle

Primacy Effect

The Serial position effect is caused by two other memory recall biases

Primacy and Recency Effect

Johnny made a list of groceries on a piece of paper. He was able to remember the first 2 things on the list at the store without looking at it. What is this an example of?

Primacy effect

What is the order of steps that the brain encodes in?

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

What is the process called when a sensory memory becomes a long term memory and skips encoding?

Automatic Processing

What is the difference between iconic memory and echoic memory?

Echoic works with auditory memory and iconic works with visual memory.

What is a memory model?

What helps us think about how our brains form and retrieve memories.

What is an example of reconsolidation?

The telephone game- when the original phrase/word changes before passing it down to the next person.

Why is it difficult to separate reality from our false memories?

The misinformation effect and source amnesia happen outside of our awareness.

Would you always have a small feeling of unclarity when being a victim of the misinformation effect?

No, the misinformation effect is so significant that it can convince you things are true without a doubt.

Should you study for and hour on the morning of your test so it stays fresh or should you study 30 mins before you go to sleep and 30 mins after?

You should study 30 mins before and after your sleep due to the spacing effect.

In a heated political debate, what term describes the two parties' inability to find a common solution?

Fixation

One day Aaron is sure of his AP psychology unit test grade being 100%, but after his results were published, he had actually gotten 60%. What term did Aaron demonstrate on the day of the test?

Overconfidence

Lucy learned new information in her AP World History class. Later that day she could only remember information from her last years government class. What does this represent?

Retroactive Interference

Susan was talking with her friends when she suddenly forgot a word. She felt like it was on the tip of her tongue but she did not remember the word until her friends said "it starts with a b". What does this represent?

Retrieval Failure